Great small towns or cities to visit in New England

 

          Maine

            

               1. Ogunquit 

                      This small town on the southern coast of Maine affords an ideal combination of activities and ambience to please just about anyone. First, it is coastal so the beach is an obvious attraction, especially for families. The town is great for strolling -- all the attractions, dining options, and accomodations are within walking distance of one another. Plus, the walks are pleasant, past well-kept homes with wonderful flower displays, and plenty of shops to browse in. The Perkins Cove area is especially scenic with numerous small boats coming and going. Also in this area is the beginning of the Marginal Way, a lovely path which skirts the rugged Maine coastline for several miles.

                      If quaint only goes so far, there is Summer Theater and also access to outlet shopping a few miles south in Kittery.

 

               2. Bar Harbor

                      Bar Harbor is the gateway to Acadia National Park, a scenic wonderland of trails and drives accentuating Maine's picturesque coastline. The park is alive with numerous activites at all times of the year. The village is just outside the park boundaries and offers a variety of accomodations and dining facilities, as well as numerous shops to search for that perfect gift or souvenir. The town is compact and pleasant to walk. Because of its location on Mount Desert Island, aquatic activities also abound. There are fishing boats, sightseeing boats, whale-watching boats, etc, which leave from the docks at various times of the day.

                     In addition, there is ferry service to the Canadian Maritime Province of Nova Scotia, a way of reaching this eastern outpost without the long drive.   

                     For an interesting and somewhat offbeat activity, stop by at the Jackson Laboratory to learn how the raising of mice with human diseases has led to significant advances in the field of medicine.

 

                3. Kennebunkport

                      Kennebunkport is a good example of an artist colony which has developed into a major tourist stop. This previously quiet enclave today attracts large crowds of people who browse the many shops looking for authentic work by local artists and artisans. Stroll the quaint village and window-shop or stop for a break at one of the many restaurants or ice-cream shops.

 

          New Hampshire

               

                4. North Conway

                       Picture an alpine village transplanted from Europe to America and you have the town of North Conway. There are five (5) ski areas in the immediate vicinity and many more just a scenic drive away. The town is nestled in a valley at the eastern end of the White Mountains, a range of the Appalachians which contains Mount Washington, the highest peak in the northeast and the scene of the highest winds ever recorded on the planet's surface (over 200 miles per hour).

                       The town lies at the southern end of Franconia Notch, a picturesque cleft between the mountains which is especially scenic in the fall, when the autumn leaves sprinkle the hillsides with vibrant color.

                       The village itself can be easily walked although some sprawl has occurred in recent years which may necessitate some short driving. Restaurants and pubs abound, as well as accomodations, since this area has become a three-season vacationland. There are too many activities to mention, but, suffice to say, everyone can find something to do. The area is especially popular with families since there are many kid-oriented venues.

 

                5. North Woodstock

                       On the western side of the White Mountains are the villages of Woodstock, North Woodstock, and Lincoln. Together they provide an alternative to North Conway (#4 above) as a gateway to the region. Once again, numerous activities, many centered around kids, are available in the vicinity. The Flume, a scenic walk through a chasm of waterfalls and sheer cliffs, and the Cannon Mountain Aerial Tramway, a lift to the top of Cannon Mountain which provides glorious views of the countryside, are just two possibilities.

                      There is also access to Franconia Notch which is just north and east of the villages and to North Conway via the extremely popular Kancamagus Highway.

 

                6. Concord

                       The capital city of Concord combines easy access (it is located at the junction of Interstates 89 and 93) with a small town atmosphere which is vintage New Hampshire. Although the center of government and therefore often busy with political and business activity, the streets of the city remain friendly to tourists, ideal for walking and interesting to explore.

                       There are a number of nearby activities which can occupy the visitor.

 

       Vermont

 

               7. Stowe

                       Stowe is the qunitessential Vermont town, with a white village church whose steeple dominates the skyline, pleasant streets ideal for strolling, numerous shops, restaurants and places to stay which somehow blend harmoniously into the village atmosphere. Ski areas and mountain scenery (especially attractive in the fall) are the major draws, but Stowe remains a great place to get away from it all because of its relaxed lifestyle and unhurried pace.

                       Just south of the village is Vermont's premier tourist attraction, the Ben and Jerry's Ice Cream Factory which offers tours and some of the best ice cream in the world.

 

               8. Burlington

                       Burlington, although the largest city in the state, retains its Vermont charm despite its size. The classic college town, the city center maintains a year-round exuberance and youthfulness because of the presence of the University of Vermont. Stroll along pedestrian-only Church Street and explore the many shops, restaurants, and pubs. Dine al-fresco during much of the year and people-watch to your hearts content.

 

               9. Manchester

                       In the southern part of the state, just west of the scenic Green Mountains, lies Vermont's shopping Mecca and a popular excursion from almost anywhere in New England or nearby New York. Manchester boasts outlet shopping in a quaint, pleasant-to-walk village setting.

                       Nearby Mount Equinox can be climbed by car or by foot for dramatic views of the surrounding countryside.  

      Anyone who goes to to Europe is always amazed at the grand squares in many of the cities and towns which are both gathering places and showcases. Most of them are lined with popular cafes and shops, and are busy at all hours of the day and night. They are often scattered with fountains and sculptures as well as elegant edifices. Below is a list of some of our favorites.

 

       1. Piazza San Marco (St Mark's Square), Venice, Italy

               St Mark's was once described as the "drawing room of Europe" because it has been a meeting place for people from all over the world for many years. It is huge and elegant, anchored at one end by the incredible Basilica San Marco, one of the most distinctive and well-known churches in the world and its dramatic Campanile. Outdoor dining covers much of the perimeter, with numerous shops under the arches which support the commercial and residential buildings which line the square. It is also known for the ubiquitous pigeons which are fed by tourists to get interesting pictures. The clock in one corner of the square claims to be the first digital clock.

 

       2. Grand Place. Brussels, Belgium

                Perhaps the most stunningly beautiful square in all of Europe is the Grand Place. The square is surrounded by incredibly-gilded, elegant buildings (Guild houses which were obviously in competition with one another to erect the grandest administrative office). In addition, the Hotel De Ville (Town Hall) is an architectural gem with its 70 meter tall tower and numerous statues, spires and gargoyles. Plus, every other August, the square is the scene of a giant floral display that covers much of the square a in a colorful carpet of begonias (see photo album). 

 

       3.  Starometske nam (Old Town Square), Prague, Czech Republic

               Old Town Square (Starometske nam) is one of the most beautiful squares in all of Europe with its pastel-colored palaces, striking churches, numerous outdoor cafes, and busy pedestrians. Particularly enchanting is the Old Town Hall with its Astronomical Clock, which entertains visitors with its workings every hour on the hour. Note also the large statue of Jan Hus, a religious reformer, the Baroque St Nicholas Church, and, perhaps most striking of all, at least from the outside, the Gothic Tyn Church with its twin steeples which towers over most of the other buildings.

 

        4. Piazza dei Miracoli, Pisa, Italy

               The Leaning Tower of Pisa and its Piazza dei Miracoli (Field of Miracles) is a spectacular religious sight. Three buildings, the Baptistry, the Duomo, and the Campanile (Leaning Tower) occupy a broad grassy plain. Each building would be a centerpiece in its own right, but to have them all together in one location is wonderful. Despite the commercialism across the street, this spot is awe-inspiring.

 

        5. Piazza Navona, Rome, Italy

               Piazza Navona is one of Rome’s largest and most beautiful squares. Built on the site of a 1st century stadium, it is oval in shape and is lined with sidewalk cafes and palaces. However, it is the three gorgeous, Baroque fountains which make it a Mecca of both tourists and locals.

               Directly in front of the Church of Sant’Agnese in Agone is Bernini’s famous Fountain of the Four Rivers. The rivers symbolized include the Nile, the Ganges, the Plata, and the Danube.

               At one end of the square is the Fountain of the Moor (which was also designed by Bernini), another beautiful Baroque fountain.

               The piazza is one of the major gathering places in the inner city and is often crowded with people, especially at night.

 

        6. Plaza Mayor, Madrid, Spain

               Because of its location and its popularity as a gathering place, the Plaza Mayor is one of Europe’s greatest squares. It is huge, surrounded by beautiful, majestic buildings which house shops, restaurants, etc. It is a wonderful place for strolling or for sitting and enjoying a “cervesa” (beer) or coffee.

 

         7. Rynek Glowny (Old Town Square), Krakow, Poland

               Main Market Square (Rynek Glowny), is a huge (the largest Medieval square in all of Europe) and delightful mix of shops, restaurants with outdoor dining, pubs, mimes, street musicians, etc. The atmosphere is extremely festive with thousands of people enjoying the area. At one end of the square is St Mary’s Church. From its bell tower, in the 13th century, a trumpeter was warning the townspeople with his horn that the enemy Tatars were approaching, when he was struck and killed by an arrow. Each hour, this scene is reenacted with the trumpeter beginning his warning and never completing it.

               The interior of St Mary’s Church is positively stunning. Ceilings and columns are painted a dark shade of red or maroon while many of the baroque accoutrements are black with gold trim, creating a striking appearance. The main altarpiece is exquisite (considered the finest Gothic sculpture in Poland). Unfortunately, picture-taking is prohibited.

               In the center of the square is the 16th century Cloth Hall (Sukiennice) which is now lined with myriad small shops selling assorted crafts. On the opposite side of the square from St Mary’s is the Town Hall tower which visitors may climb for a bird’s eye view of the square.

 

          8. Piazza della Signoria, Florence, Italy

                The Piazza della Signoria is a spectacular example of the incorporation of great art into a public space to make it more than special. There are three notable statues in the square: 1. The Rape of the Sabine Women, by Giambologna, 2. Perseus, by Cellini, and 3. a copy of the David, by Michelangelo. Bordering the piazza is the Palazzo Vecchio, the town hall of Florence, with its imposing bell tower, a landmark of the city’s famous skyline, and the Neptune Fountain. What a fantastic environment in which to have lunch or a beer al fresco!.

 

          9. Markt Square, Bruges, Belgium

                 Markt Square, the larger and more distinctive of Bruges' two lovely main squares, is bordered on one side by a row of colorful buildings with characteristic Dutch architecture. At the opposite end of the huge square is City Hall, with its incredibly tall tower. Along another side is the more-classic-looking Provincial Court.

 

          10. Trafalgar Square, London, England

                 Trafalgar Square is one of Europe’s great gathering places, with its fountain, its pigeons, and its sculptures. The tall monolith topped by the statue of Lord Trafalgar, for which the square is named, is the focal point. Around the square are several significant London attractions, such as the British Museum and the St Martin-in-the-Fields Church.

 

          11. Place de Concorde, Paris, France

                 The Place de la Concorde is an elegant square and the historical location of the guillotine used to execute King Louis XVI and others in 1793. Today it contains the Luxor Obelisk, an Egyptian monument over 3300 years old. This square is a bit difficult to appreciate because of the noise and traffic.  However, it is lined by stately Government buildings and marks the beginning of one of the world's greatest thoroughfares, the Champs Elysses.

 

          12. Marienplatz, Munich, Germany

                The center of activity in the city of Munich is the Marienplatz (Mary’s square), a huge area encircled by interesting buildings, including the Neues Rathaus (New Town Hall) which does not appear new at all since it was built in the Gothic style with numerous statues, gargoyles, and towers. Its tall, main tower contains the famous Glockenspiel which performs several times each day. These performances last approximately ten minutes and include several sets of figures moving around (there are dancers, knights jousting, and a cock crowing). Find a good viewing location several minutes before the show starts.

                Also on this square is the Altes (old) Rathaus, which is a pretty, Medieval, wooden building with a green tower that announces the time of day on the hour and half-hour. Note also the golden statue of Mary on a column in the center of the square. Take the time to stop at a tavern with outdoor seating (there are many) to have a brew and people-watch.

 

          13. Piazza San Pietro, Vatican City

                 The Piazza San Pietro is a huge area, enclosed by two semi-circles of colonnades topped with sculptures. Its centerpiece is St Peter’s Basilica, the central symbol of the Roman Catholic religion, located within Vatican City, the world’s smallest state, which lies entirely within the city of Rome. The Basilica, with its impressive dome, designed by Michelangelo, is the largest church in the world, and probably also contains the most wealth.

 

          14. Piazza del Campo, Siena, Italy

                 All activity in Siena centers around the Piazza del Campo, which is a huge, semi-circular square. Twice a year, the square becomes a horse-racing park for the Palio, a winner-take-all competition between the local “contrada” (roughly, parishes). At other times of the year, the Piazza is simply the major gathering place for residents and tourists alike. Dominating the square is the Palazzo Pubblico, the Gothic Town Hall, which dates back to 1342. 

 

          15. Mozartplatz, Salzburg, Austria

                 Mozartplatz (Mozart Square) is one of the two main squares of the city of Salzburg. The chimes of the Glockenspiel play a Mozart melody several times during the day and there is a large statue of the master.

 

           16. Cathedral Square, Milan, Italy

                  Cathedral Square, in the northern Italian city of Milan is of great interest to the tourist because of the Duomo, one of the largest and most beautiful churches in the world, and the opera house, La Scala, perhaps the premier venue of its kind in the world, which are at opposite ends of this extremely expansive square. Another side houses the Galleria, a collection of up-scale shops.

 

            17. Dam Square, Amsterdam, Netherlands

                  Hectic and noisy Dam Square is the site of Amsterdam's Royal Palace and also the Niewe Kerk (New Church). Directly across from the palace is the National Monument, a white column with numerous sculptures.

 

            18. Plaza Mayor, Salamanca, Spain

                  Salamanca's Plaza Mayor rivals Madrid’s in size and splendor, with numerous outdoor cafes at which to sip “una cervesa” (a beer) or two. The honey-colored stone is especially striking. Since Salamanca is a university town, there are many young people about and an attitude of free-wheeling fun and frolic in the air.

 

            19. Burg Square, Bruges, Belgium

         In our travels throughout Europe, Lee and I have visited numerous royal palaces. Many still function today as residences of the reigning monarch, although there are others which are now nothing more than grand, elegant tourist attractions. They appeal to the traveler because they embody the spirit of an older time, or display incredible wealth, while some are particularly important for their history. All are interesting, although I must admit that there is a certain sameness, which can cause a traveler to say, "Enough!" 

         The group discussed and pictured here represents the very best of the palaces we have seen.  Enjoy!

 

         1. Versailles, just outside of Paris, France

                 The most important excursion from Paris is to Versailles, the epitome of a kingly palace, the envy of monarchs everywhere, often copied, never duplicated. It is located just (about 50 km or 30 miles) west of Paris and makes an excellent day trip. There are numerous options for the visit. Highlights include the Hall of Mirrors, the State Apartments, King’s Apartments, and the Gardens. A guided tour is recommended to get the most from the visit, since guides offer many interesting tidbits of information. Inside, no matter how the visit proceeds, the cacophony of sound from various guides speaking myriad languages, each trying to speak louder that all the others, is disconcerting to say the least. Try to arrive early in the day, before the hordes of buses and their tour groups.

 

          2. Buckingham Palace, London, England

                  Buckingham Palace is another “must-see” in London. The palace is still the city residence of the Royal Family. The public is allowed to view the state rooms, but not the private living quarters of the Queen, her family and guests. Perhaps most impressive is the “Changing of the Guard” which takes place at 11:30 AM every day from April to mid-July, then goes to an alternating day schedule for the remainder of the year. During the summer months, crowds are huge so it is advisable to arrive early in order to stake out a territory. It is quite the ceremony, but then the Brits are known for their pomp and circumstance.

 

          3. Topkapi Palace, Istanbul, Turkey

                  Topkapi Palace, another of the major sights of Istanbul, was the residence of the Ottoman sultans from the 1400’s to the 19th century. During their heyday, they ruled an empire which stretched from the gates of Vienna to the Indian Ocean, from North Africa to the Crimean Peninsula. The palace complex is basically a city within a city, with interconnected courtyards and kiosks along with other buildings. Within its walls were typically between 4000 and 7000 people who resided here and/or served the household. The complex stands at the confluence of the Sea of Marmara, the Bosporus, and the Golden Horn and offers spectacular views over the water.

                  Entry is through the Imperial Gate which accesses the First Court, now a public park lined with flowers and trees. At the end of this court are the ticket booths and the Executioner’s Fountain, where important enemies were beheaded.

                  Entry into the Second Court is through the Gate of Salutations. Its two towers were used as dungeons to imprison those awaiting execution. The Palace Kitchens, to the right, upon entering this court, are a series of rooms which now house a collection of Chinese, Japanese, and European porcelain. The kitchens once prepared food for upwards of 10,000 people. On the opposite side of this court are the Armoury, which displays weapons from Islamic empires, and the Council Chamber, where policy meetings were held (the sultan’s cubicle is directly above and he could listen in on the meetings to keep tabs on his officials). Also in this court is the Harem, where the palace women were sequestered. Harem tours require separate tickets and should be booked immediately upon arrival to insure a place.

                  The Gate of Felicity marks the entrance into the Third Court. The most impressive attraction in this court is the Treasury, which contains unbelievable wealth in gold and jewels, including an 86-carat diamond (the “Spoonmaker”), the “throne of Ahmet III” which is inlaid with tortoiseshell and mother of pearl, set with rubies and emeralds, and the Topkapi Dagger which is set with huge emeralds (this item recalls the film, “Topkapi” which starred Melina Mercouri). Also in the Third Court is the Pavilion of the Sacred Relics, one room of which contains the Door of Repentance, taken from the holy Kaaba of Mecca. The second room houses objects associated with Mohammed, such as his footprint, hair, mantle and sword.

                 The Fourth Court contains the kiosks, or summer houses, in its gardens and leads to balconies overlooking the waterways mentioned earlier.

 

          4.  Doge's Palace, Venice, Italy

                 The Doge’s Palace (Palazzo Ducale) was the home of the reigning duke or doge of Venice. The architecture, as is normal in Venice, is a mix of East and West. Entry through the Porta della Carta brings the visitor into the internal courtyard.

                 Upon arrival at the Hall of the Grand Council (Sala del Maggior Consiglio), note the huge Tintoretto oil painting Paradise (the largest oil painting in the world) behind the Doge’s throne. As you walk over the Bridge of Sighs, so-named since prisoners sighed and said goodbye to the world as they crossed from here into the prison, imagine being sentenced to a dank, dark prison with no hope of ever seeing Venice’s canals again.

                 Exit is via the Giant’s Staircase, named for the large statues which straddle its doorway into the palace.

 

          5.  Chambord, in the Loire Valley, France

                 Chambord began as a hunting lodge, but has evolved into perhaps the most elaborate and perhaps garish example of royal excess. Its towers and pinnacles are, nevertheless, imposing and striking.

 

          6. Chenonceau, in the Loire Valley, France

                 Chenonceau is softer and more pleasing than Chambord, especially because it extends over the river Cher, making for a dramatic effect. On the inside, the part of the villa known as the gallery (an addition supervised by Catherine de Medici) is probably the most interesting part of the visit. Chenonceau’s gardens are also worth a stroll and offer numerous photo opportunities.

 

          7. Hofburg, Vienna, Austria

                The Hofburg is the magnificent winter palace of the Hapsburgs. There are numerous buildings and courtyards that compose the complex and one could easily spend the better part of a full day to see it all. It exudes a regal elegance which is appropriate to the station of its residents. Of note are the Imperial Treasury (one of the greatest in the world), the Imperial Apartments (with their tapestries, silver, and porcelain), the Chapel, the New Chateau (Neue Burg), the National Library, and the Albertina (a museum of graphic arts and other artworks).

 

          8. Prince's Palace of Monaco

                High on a promontory of rock above the azure Mediterranean lies the Principality of Monaco.  At its apex sits the Prince's Palace, still the main residence of the current monarch, Prince Rainier III.  The palace is noted for its beautiful frescoes, opulent state apartments, and its intricately-paved main courtyard.

 

          9. Palacio Real, Madrid, Spain

                The Palacio Real (royal palace) is a spectacular chateau in the tradition of Versailles or Buckingham Palace, although much smaller. It is still the residence of Spain’s King (Juan Carlos). The rooms display splendid opulence with their ceiling frescoes, sculptures, tapestries, and beautiful furniture.

 

         10. Schonnbrunn Palace, Vienna, Austria

                Schonnbrunn Palace, the summer residence of the Hapsburgs, was originally a hunting lodge, but has evolved into a palace along the lines of Versailles, with 1441 rooms, vintage furnishings, and elaborate, formal gardens. It is located on the outskirts of Vienna, conveniently accessible via mass transit from the inner city. It, like Versailles, contains a Hall of Mirrors. Much of the tour of the interior chronicles the life and times of Maria Theresa, who ruled for 40 years. The State Apartments are perhaps the most impressive (and also the most ornate) rooms in the palace, especially the “Room of Millions”.

               The grounds of the mansion are Romanesque, elegant and extensive, from the flower gardens, nearest the residence, to the “Roman Ruins” a huge collection of fountains and sculptures, to the Gloriette, a marble villa with a stone canopy displaying the Imperial Eagle. Be aware that the walk up to the Gloriette is rather steep and lengthy.

 

         11. Palace of the Grand Master, Rhodes, Greece

                  The town of Rhodes is a beautiful walled, Medieval city. The streets are cobblestones, for which the town fathers used smooth beach stones -- very unusual and attractive.

                  City gates are turreted and built into the walls. The Street of the Knights (Ippoloton) leads up to the imposing Palace of the Grand Masters. The street itself is considered one of the best preserved Medieval relics in the world. The buildings, known as “Inns”, along the street, were where the Knights of St John were housed and are all cultural landmarks in their own right.

 

          12. Royal Pavilion, Brighton, England

                  A popular day trip from London is an excursion to Brighton, on the south coast of England to visit the Royal Pavilion, an unbelievably elaborate palace. The architecture is Eastern and the furnishings Chinese. It was used as a residence by King George IV, but when Queen Victoria succeeded him, she moved the royal quarters back to London, so the palace ceased to be a resort for the monarchy. It was, however, purchased and restored to its former elegance by the city of Brighton, and is worth a hour or two. Brighton is also known for its beach.

 

          13. Linderhof Palace, Bavaria, Germany

                 Linderhof Palace, another of Mad King Ludwig’s castles in Bavaria, is his smallest castle, but gilded to the nines. The rooms have painted ceilings, tapestries on the walls, huge chandeliers, etc. The grounds are also elaborate, with fountains and many statues. Of special note is the Grotto, a make-believe cave with its own pool containing a shell boat similar to the one in Wagner’s opera, Lohengrin. Also on the grounds is Ludwig’s private Moorish Kiosk.

 

          14. Reggia Casserta, Casserta, Italy

                 A worthwhile day trip from Naples involves traveling north on the Autostrada 1 to the town of Caserta to check out the Royal Palace, Reggia Caserta. Here is Italy’s answer to Versailles, a huge, sprawling edifice with 1,200 rooms and extensive gardens. Be sure to view the incredibly opulent Royal Apartments.

 

          15. Residenz, Munich, Germany

                 The Residenz served as home to the rulers of Bavaria for over 500 years. It is a vast complex of buildings and daunting to visit, but there are two requisite places of interest, the Treasury, with its statue of St George Slaying the Dragon, which is gold and studded with numerous gems, and the Cuvillies Theatre, considered Germany’s best example of a tier-boxed opera house in Rococo design.

 

          16. Holyrood Palace, Edinburgh, Scotland

                 Downhill from Edinburgh castle, at the opposite end of the Royal Mile is Holyrood Palace, the house of the Queen when she is in town. Much of it dates back to the 1300’s and includes the bedchamber of Mary, Queen of Scots. The newer part of the palace (1500’s) is extremely dignified and “royal”. Attached to the palace are the ruins of an Abbey and a pretty garden.

 

          17. Nymphenburg Palace, Munich, Germany

                 Schloss Nymphenburg was the summer palace of the Wittelsbachs, the ruling family of Bavaria for many years. It is located on the fringe of Munich, far from the Medieval city center, so it is best visited by public transport, the U-bahn. The palace grounds are vast, so it is quite a walk from the U-bahn station to the palace complex. The part of the main building which can be visited is fairly compact, and offers the typical palace accoutrements, elaborate decorations and wall hangings. Stroll the formal gardens behind the palace which offer some serenity and solitude.

 

           18. Royal Palace, Brussels, Belgium

                 Monarchie, the Royal Palace of Brussels, sits at the top of the city's Old Town, opposite the Royal Park. It is only open to the public during the summer months.

 

           19. Palace of the Grand Dukes, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg

                 The Palace of the Grand Dukes is an elegant building constructed with light-colored stone. It recalls the splendor of the Grand Duchy's Medieval past.

 

           20. Royal Palace, Prague, Czech Republic

                 Part of the huge Prague Castle complex, the Royal Palace's huge Vladislav Hall was host to indoor jousting tournaments during the Middle Ages.  

 

           21. Primate Palace, Bratislava, Slovakia

                 Around the corner from the town hall, in its own small square, is the Primate Palace, where Napoleon and Franz I, the Austrian Emperor, once signed a peace treaty (1805). There are tapestries on display as well as a Hall of Mirrors (which pales compared to Versailles’). In the courtyard is St George’s Fountain.

                In the Primate Palace are some of the most beautiful and modern rest rooms in Europe (worth the price of admission to the palace!)

 

           22. Royal Palace, Amsterdam, Netherlands

                 The Royal Palace is located on the hectic and noisy Dam Square. It's no wonder that the royal family prefers to live elsewhere, using this grand building only for occasional receptions and other special events.

 

           23. Belvedere Palace, Vienna, Austria

                 Belvedere Palace, just outside the inner ring, is a beautiful estate, now a museum, on a small hill which provides a view of the Vienna Woods, so beloved by Strauss and the Viennese people. The grounds are well manicured, extremely attractive, and enhanced by reflecting pools and sculptures as well as the buildings themselves.

 

           24. Chateau, Cesky Krumlov, Czech Republic

                 Part of the Castle complex, on a prominent ridge overlooking the town, this royal residence displays Bohemian splendor in its Renaissance Rooms, Schwartzenburg Gallery, and in the Rococo Chateau Theater.

 

           25. El Escorial, Spain

                  One of the most popular excursions from Madrid is west to El Escorial (more precisely, Monasterio de San Lorenzo de El Escorial), which has been the summer palace for the Kings of Spain since 1564. It was built by Philip II and completed by his son. It is another great chateau in the spirit of Versailles.

                  Yet it is more than a residence; it is also a monastery with a lovely chapel. As expected, the rooms are extremely ornate, with beautiful artwork and tapestries. Especially noteworthy are the five wooden doors, gifts from the Kingdom of Austria, which are incredibly detailed, with inlaid wood of different colors. Also significant are the Pantheons, the crypts of the kings (all but 3 monarchs since 1564 have been interred here), and the Pantheon Infantes, the tombs of the royal children who did not become kings.

       America is fairly young in world history, so it does not have many extremely old or historically-rich places, but, because of its incredible wealth, it has many sumptuous estates which may be visited by the tourist. The following is my list of the Top 20.

 

            1. Biltmore Estate, Asheville, North Carolina

                     Another excursion in the Smoky Mountains area is to the Biltmore Estate, in Asheville, North Carolina. The sumptuous, ornate home was built for the grandson of Cornelius Vanderbilt in the late 1800’s. It is a French-Renaissance style mansion with 250 rooms and is probably the most-visited venue of its type in the United States. The chateau is tastefully furnished with original furniture (note the intricate woodwork) and period pieces. The artwork on display, alone, is impressive.

                     The estate also includes 75 acres of gardens, designed by the architect of Central Park in New York City, Frederick Law Olmsted. There is even a winery on the grounds.

 

            2. White House, Washington, D.C.

                     The mansion of the President of the United States, was completed in the year 1800 and has been the residence of every Chief Executive since then. The rear of the elegant estate faces the Washington Monument. The famous address is 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue.  

 

            3. Breakers, Newport, Rhode Island

                     The Breakers was the summer residence of Cornelius Vanderbilt and is perhaps the most sumptuous of the numerous estates along Bellevue Avenue in Newport. Exquisite marble and woodwork are found throughout.  The Dining Room is especially opulent.

 

            4. Hearst Castle, San Simeon, California

                     Hearst Castle, in San Simeon, California, is the mansion of newspaper publisher, William Randolph Hearst. The estate is located at the top of a mountain, known as La Cuesta Incantada (The Enchanted Hill) and overlooks San Simeon and the Pacific coast. Visitors must park near Route 1 and take a shuttle to the castle. There are a variety of tours available, but Tour 1 is recommended for the first time visitor. This tour includes visits to the pools, the gardens and the ground floor of the mansion. Note that there is considerable walking and stair-climbing on all the tours.

                     The castle itself, Casa Grande, has over 100 rooms and is furnished with many of Hearst’s art and antiques. Construction on the house began in 1919 but took many years to complete because Hearst imported materials from all parts of the world.

 

            5. Mount Vernon, Alexandria, Virginia

                     Mount Vernon, George Washington’s estate on the Potomac, near Washington, D.C., is fine example of wealthy colonial life. Washington considered himself a farmer at heart, and only reluctantly left his plantation to serve his country as its first president. He retreated to Mount Vernon whenever possible and retired from public life there after his second term. The mansion and grounds have been lovingly restored and contain period furnishings, as well as Washingtonian memorabilia. Guided tours of the house and buildings are offered frequently.

 

            6. Monticello, Charlottesville, Virginia

                    Monticello is Thomas Jefferson’s estate in Charlottesville, Virginia. It was both his ultimate retreat and his passion, since he was intimately involved in its construction and subsequent modifications. The home contains original furnishings and memorabilia from Jefferson’s eclectic life. One comes away from an experience at Monticello with a better appreciation of Jefferson, the man, and a much greater respect for his intellect.

 

            7. Graceland, Memphis, Tennessee

                     The most important attraction in Memphis is Elvis Presley’s Graceland, his 14-acre estate in town. The complex, which includes the mansion and a number of museums, as well as an entertainment facility, has become a pilgrimage site for Elvis’ many fans, as well as a curiosity for others who visit the Memphis area. Separate admissions to the various venues are available or the Platinum Tour pass can be purchased which includes admission to all areas of the estate.

 

            8. Iolani Palace, Honolulu, Hawaii

                     Iolani Palace, on the island of Oahu, Hawaii, is the only official royal residence in the United States. From 1882 till the end of the monarchy in 1893, it was the residence of the Hawaiian royal family. Subsequently, it became the capitol building. Now it is open to the public and is preserved as a memorial to the past.

 

            9. Shangri La, Honolulu, Hawaii

                     Shangri La is the former residence and estate of Doris Duke, a multi-millionaire who built the house after traveling extensively throughout Asia. The home has a large collection of Islamic Art and architecture. Note especially the disappearing wall in the living room, the turkish rooms, and the Mughal Garden. The mansion is open to the public but only by advanced reservation.

 

           10. Magnolia Plantation, Charleston, South Carolina

                     Magnolia Plantation is located just outside of Charleston. It offers a look at a genuine southern plantation with its glorious mansion and its extensive gardens. The Greek-revival plantation house is set amidst sprawling woods and wetlands. The Spanish Moss-draped trees add a special ambience to the grounds. Walk the garden trail to enjoy the wetlands with their human touches of wooden bridges, painted white, and benches for rest and contemplation.

 

           11. Scotty's Castle, Death Valley, California

                     Scotty’s Castle is an interesting ranch house in the middle of nowhere. It was built by a wealthy man from Chicago, but was the residence of "Death Valley Scotty", a colorful and eccentric personality.

 

           12. Gillette Castle, East Haddam, Connecticut

                     Gillette Castle State Park, in East Haddam Connecticut, showcases the estate of actor, William Gillette, who was famous for his portrayal of Sherlock Holmes. The castle contains interesting furnishings and unusual architecture. The grounds are also worth exploring. It is located northwest of Mystic.

 

           13. Fallingwater, Ohiopyle, Pennsylvania

                     Fallingwater is one of noted architect, Frank Lloyd Wright's signature designs. The home is located southeast of Pittsburgh, PA, near the West Virginia line, in the woods of the Alleghany Mountains. The idyllic setting is enhanced by the house, which is cantilevered over a waterfall.

 

           14. Rosecliff, Newport, Rhode Island

                    Another of the elaborate "summer residences" of Newport, RI, Rosecliff has been featured in the movies, The Great Gatsby and True Lies. The ballroom is huge and the French-style staircase is especially dramatic. The grounds are also beautiful.  

 

           15. Hermitage, Goodlettsville, Tennessee

                    Hermitage is the former estate of President Andrew Jackson. It is located just outside of Nashville, TN, and contains many original furnishings as well as the former President's personal effects. The dynamic figure and his wife are buried on the grounds.

                     

                    

                   

       Lee & I have traveled Europe extensively and would like to share a list of the best castles we have visited.  We look forward to future travels on the continent to widen the list, but here it is for now.  As a side note, understand that the separation of castles from palaces is arbitrary and fuzzy. We are basically defining a castle as a "highly fortified" royal or official residence. My next list, Great Palaces of Europe will look at other regal dwellings, usually without extensive fortifications.

 

          1. Neuschwanstein Castle, Bavaria, Germany

                   Neuschwanstein, the elaborate fantasy of “Mad” King Ludwig II of Bavaria, is the quintessential fairy tale castle. High on a hill above his boyhood home, Ludwig began this most extravagant project in 1869 and it was still not completed when he died, under mysterious circumstances, in 1886. This castle, however, remains his crowning achievement. It was used as a model for Cinderella’s castle in Disneyland.

                   Take the shuttle from the base of the entire Konigschlossen complex to Marienbrucke (Mary’s Bridge) which offers a spectacular view of the castle and makes the visitor wonder how the castle was ever constructed (“How could so many materials be brought to such a location?”). From the bridge, it is a mostly downhill walk to the castle itself. A strict schedule of timed tours is adhered to, so pay attention to the tickets which are purchased at the base of the complex. Guides are extremely knowledgeable and informative. Ludwig had a certain flair, even if his decorating is a bit bizarre. Especially noteworthy are his bedroom (the intricate woodwork took a team of craftsmen several years to complete), the Throne Room (with no throne because it was never finished), and the Theater/Music Room, designed for Arts’ performances. Note also the man-made cave next to his bedroom. Keep in mind that the tour requires the climbing of an incredible number of stairs and is not for the faint of heart.

 

          2. Alhambra, Granada, Spain

                  The Alhambra, a Moorish palace located in the city of Granada, Spain, is probably one of the most exquisite buildings in the world. The walls, doors, and archways are delicately sculpted with what looks like Arabic writing and intricate detail. No wonder it is the #1 tourist attraction in all of Spain. Of special note are the Palacio de Nazaries, the Salon of the Ambassadors, and the Patio of the Lions. All are carefully and lovingly crafted to blend in with the entire structure. The Alcazaba (the fortress) certainly looks formidable with its thick walls and many towers, which also provide great views of the city and the surrounding landscape. Note that the Palace of Charles V is noticeably not Moorish, evidence that the complex was built over many years.

                  Be sure to visit the Generalife Gardens, which exemplify how the moors incorporated gardens with flowers, shade from trees and shrubs, and water in the form of pools and fountains to create an extremely pleasant environment and a refuge from the hustle and bustle as well as the summer heat.

 

          3. El Alcazar, Segovia, Spain

                  The Alcazar is a Cinderella-like castle with many turrets and towers, in a glorious setting on the western edge of town, high on a promontory overlooking open plains. It is Moorish in design with some beautiful rooms as well as some militarily strategic areas. Ascend the hazardous stairs of the tower for a sweeping view of the town and especially its cathedral.

 

         4. Leeds Castle, England

                  A popular excursion from London takes the visitor to Leeds Castle, certainly one of the most beautiful castles in all of Europe. It is a classic, Medieval castle, complete with moat. It is incredibly romantic and picturesque, with its varied-colored bricks and pleasant, spotless grounds. The interior is meticulously decorated with extravagant arrangements of fresh flowers, as well as period furniture.

 

         5. Prague Castle, Prague, Czech Republic

                   The western part of the city, known as the Castle District (Hradcany) contains Prague most visited attraction, Prague Castle (Prazsky Hrad), which is, in reality, a complex of buildings surrounded by walls. Important stops in the castle complex are St Vitus Cathedral, a 14th century Gothic structure which is notable for its stained glass windows and the tomb of Saint (King) Wenceslas, the patron saint of the Czech Republic, the Basilica of St George, which is even older (12th century), and Golden Lane (Zlata Ulika) which is a narrow alley lined with tiny homes (tradesmen’s quarters) which are built into the castle walls. An obligatory stop along the lane is at the Kafka House (#22), where the author lived and wrote.

 

        6. Tower of London, London, England

                   The most visited attraction in the city is the Tower of London, which has an extremely storied history. The Tower of London, located on the north bank of the Thames, near London’s Financial District, has been a home to England’s monarchs, a weapons storage facility, a treasury (it still holds the Crown Jewels), and, most famously, a prison. Many an enemy of the state met his or her end, frequently by beheading, within the confines of the Tower. The visitor is escorted though the complex by a resident “beefeater”, dressed in a uniform which is reminiscent of Tudor England.

                   Must sees on the visit include the White Tower, the dominant structure within the complex, which dates back to the 11th century, the Jewel House, which houses the British Crown Jewels, Traitor’s Gate, the entryway for prisoners arriving from Westminster Hall, and the Bloody Tower, so-named since it was the residence of Edward IV’s two sons whose bones were later found nearby, after their uncle, Richard III, ascended the throne. One of the cells, the cell of “little ease” was so small (4 ft x 4 ft) that prisoners could not fully stand up, nor lie straight out. Imagine how uncomfortable it was!

       

        7. Edinburgh Castle, Edinburgh, Scotland

                  Edinburgh Castle sits prominently at one end of the Royal Mile, the main street of Medieval Edinburgh. It is incredibly imposing, high on a hill and surrounded by steep cliffs on all sides except the visitor entrance. Yet this model of castle architecture has been taken at least three times in its history, two by siege and one by stealth. Parts of the castle (the Chapel, for instance) date back to the 1100’s although most of it was destroyed by Robert the Bruce in the 1300’s, then rebuilt. The Scottish Crown Jewels, the oldest in Europe, are on display here. The Great Hall is especially impressive, as are the Royal Apartments.

 

        8. Warwick Castle, Warwick, England

                 In the vicinity of Oxford, England, is another of England’s remarkable castles. Warwick Castle is another classic castle, very large, formidable, high on a hill -- a true fortress. The interior of the castle is elegantly displayed, with wax figures representing residents and visitors, and realistic scenes in the rooms, as they were in 1898. The settings are very impressive, with great attention to detail, such as, running water in the bath, the lighting of a cigarette lighter, etc. In the great hall, there is a fantastic display of medieval armor and weaponry, and the furniture throughout the castle is extraordinary. The castle grounds are also meticulous and provide a wonderful experience.

 

        9. Tre Castelli, San Marino

                 San Marino is the oldest and smallest Republic in the world. It is located to the northeast of Rome, near the Adriatic coast, and is entirely surrounded by Italy. The town of San Marino is a Medieval gem of a city, heavily fortified by its Tre Castelli (Three castles) and made more impregnable because of its setting, at the very top of Mount Titiano. The narrow, cobblestone streets and incredibly well-preserved and well-maintained buildings make it an utter pleasure to experience. It is almost “Disney-esque” in its perfection. The only drawbacks are the steep streets and stairs which seem to head only upward. There are numerous shops and restaurants in this principality totally geared for tourism. Walk the walls from castle to castle for stupendous views of the surrounding countryside.

 

        10. Buda Castle, Budapest, Hungary

                 The most interesting section of Budapest for tourists is the Castle District (in the hills of Buda). The funicular from the foot of Castle Hill is rather expensive, but worth it to avoid the steep climb (walking back down is not difficult). Buda Castle, which sits ominously above the river is interesting and has beautiful grounds with many flowers and statues. Castle Square and the region around it are great to explore on foot. Check the crafts and vendors in the area just across the square from the castle (there are many Hungarian crafts at reasonable prices). Beyond this area is the Fisherman’s Bastion, which abuts St Matthias’ Church and the equestrian statue of St Stephen. The Fisherman’s Bastion is an elevated walkway with conical towers (there is a charge to walk the walls), which affords a beautiful, panoramic view of the Danube, the city of Pest, and the countryside beyond. There is also a great view from here of the Hungarian Parliament complex.

 

         11. Hohensalzburg, Salzburg, Austria

                  The white fortress of Hohensalzburg dominates the skyline of this picturesque town, presiding over the Old Town with its many church spires, squares, and visions of Mozart and the Sound of Music.

 

         12. Wawel Castle, Krakow, Poland

                  The Wawel dominates the upper part of the Old Town. It is really composed of two buildings, Wawel Castle and the Cathedral.

 

         13. Hohenschwangau, Bavaria, Germany

                  Guidebooks usually advise tourists to first visit Hohenschwangau, Ludwig’s home as a child, to set the stage for an understanding of Neuschwanstein, but a little pre-trip research is all that’s necessary to appreciate the reasons for Ludwig’s escape from reality and the rationale for his extravagances. Add to the mix his obsession with Richard Wagner and his operas, and all becomes plain. So the savvy tourist can dispense with Hohenschwangau and cut to the chase, although its yellow color and prominent location make it an imposing sight.

 

         14. Alcazar, Seville, Spain

                  Seville’s Alcazar (castle) is a Moorish palace still used by Spain’s monarch when visiting the city. The architecture is distinctive, especially the extensive use of ceramic tiles, while the gardens are beautiful and tranquil, with pools and shade for refuge during the summer months.

 

         15. Bratislava Castle, Bratislava, Slovakia

                  Bratislava's Castle, the obligatory hilltop structure, is a considerable climb (hundreds of stairs) from the Old Town.  Its unusual orange color makes it distinctively noticeable.

 

         16. Cesky Krumlov Castle, Cesky Krumlov, Czech Republic

                 The imposing Castle and its neighboring Chateau occupy a ridge to the north of the Old Town center. They are visible from almost everywhere in the charming community.

 

          17. Alcazar, Toledo, Spain

                 The Toledo Alcazar sits at the highest point of the city, with a commanding view of the countryside. Many of its displays and rooms focus on the siege of the castle during Spain’s Civil War in 1936. The residents resisted for many, many days. There is also a military museum which possesses many types of weaponry as well as miniature battle scenes and uniforms.

 

          18. Chateau Ducal, Caen, France

                  The city of Caen makes a good base for the exploration of the Normandy Beaches area. It also possesses one notable sight,  the Chateau Ducal, the castle-palace of William the Conqueror, which was constructed around 1060 AD.

 

          19. Alcazar, Cordoba, Spain

                  The Alcazar de los Reyes Cristianos boasts formidable walls and several interesting towers. The gardens are lovely and, because of their abundant use of water, are particularly refreshing during the oppressive heat of summer.

 

          20. Rocca Albornoziana, Spoleto, Italy

                  Spoleto's Castle, although a dull, gray color, nevertheless dominates the skyline of this Umbrian Hill Town. The interior contains numerous interesting frescoes.

 

          The following is a list of some of Europe's and the planets's greatest religious treasures which Lee and I have visited.

 

               1. St Peter's Basilica, Vatican City

                        St Peter’s Basilica, the central symbol of the Roman Catholic religion, is located within Vatican City, the world’s smallest state, which lies entirely within the city of Rome. The Basilica, with its impressive dome, designed by Michelangelo, is the largest church in the world, and probably also contains the most wealth.

                        As one enters the church, to the right is Michelangelo’s Pieta, his magnificent sculpture of Mary holding her dead son, Jesus. It is now behind bulletproof glass because of a previous attempt to vandalize it. The church can hold 95,000 worshipers. The main altar sits directly over St Peter’s tomb and has a canopy designed by Bernini. The dome is also the largest in the world.

                        Outside the church, the Piazza San Pietro is a huge area, enclosed by two semi-circles of colonnades topped with sculptures.

 

               2. Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, Turkey

                        Hagia (or Aya) Sophia, is located west of the Bosporus, the strait which divides Asia from Europe. Constructed in 537 AD, it began as a church, became a mosque after the fall of the Roman Empire, and is now a museum. It was one of the most important and largest churches in the world. It sported the largest dome in the world until St Peter’s Basilica in Rome was completed. The inside is positively huge, covering an area of about 4 acres, and contains fabulous mosaics, dating from the 10th century. The current building dates from the time of Justinian and was completed in 537 AD. The minarets were much more recent additions, recalling the Turkish conquest of what was then Constantinople. There is still debate today about whether the Aya Sophia is a church or a mosque.

 

               3. Mont-St-Michel Abbey, France

                          Mont St-Michel rises dramatically from the sea as one approaches from the mainland. It is truly an awe-inspiring sight and positively unique in the world -- an offshore rocky mountain transformed into a place of worship with a village fortress around it. It is difficult to imagine how someone conceived the idea to build such a structure and the engineering involved in its construction makes one marvel at the ability of Medieval stone masons and architects.

                          The island is approachable today by a causeway which links it to the mainland and which offers a parking area for vehicles (no cars are allowed inside the walled city). Visitors must walk along the causeway to enter through the Bavole Gate, which leads to the main street, the “cour de l’Avancee”, which then winds upward to the Abbey. The street is crammed with shops and restaurants.

                         But the Abbey is the purpose for visiting. It is precariously perched on top of the rocky island and has had an interesting, sometimes surprising, history since construction first began in 708 AD. The church and associated buildings (the Marvel) were built in several architectural styles, including Gothic, Flamboyant Gothic, and Romanesque. Somehow, it all blends together.

                         Be sure to see the Abbey Church, the Cloister, the battlements, the Guest’s Room, and the Crypts (not tombs but hidden areas which support the Church and Marvel).

 

               4. Pantheon, Rome, Italy

                        The Pantheon of Rome is the Eternal City’s best preserved ancient building. It dates to approximately 100 AD and is a testament to its Roman builders. Pantheon means “temple of all gods” but it became a Christian church in the 7th century. Although services still take place, it is more a tomb than a church, now. The interior is a circular hall with an incredibly high (as high as the radius of the dome, which gives it an elegant proportionality) scalloped dome with an “oculus” (circular opening) at its top that allows the only light into the building. The marble floors, vestibules and altars around the edges of the hall are harmonious and muted in color, but beautiful as well.

                       

               5. St Mark's Cathedral, Venice, Italy

                          St Mark’s Basilica is a blend of Eastern and Western architecture which coincides with Venice’s role, for many years, as the connection between those two worlds. The mosaics along the main facade are spectacular. Much of the church is reminiscent of Constantinople, which is where the Four Horses above the main entrance were brought from. The “booty” from voyages far and wide adorn the church. Much of the wealth is displayed in the Treasury (separate admission). The altarpiece (Pala d’Oro), which stands behind the main altar, is made of gold and inlaid with numerous precious gems (some were stolen by Napoleon). A visit to the Galleria and Museum reveals the original bronze horses, replicas of which now grace the church’s facade.

 

               6. Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris, France

                        Notre Dame Cathedral, one the most beloved houses of worship in the world, located on the Ile de Cite (city island), in the middle of the Seine, is another of the must-see attractions of Paris. It has been immortalized in Victor Hugo’s Hunchback of Notre Dame. Its construction began in the 12th century and is certainly an imposing, Gothic edifice, perhaps the quintessential Gothic cathedral in the world. Its facade has been much copied, while its gargoyles (strange-looking creature sculptures which adorn its exteriors) are the stuff of legend. Note the row of statues (Kings of Judah) and the statue of Mary, mother of Jesus, on the facade. Inside, don’t miss the Rose windows.

 

               7. Blue Mosque, Istanbul, Turkey

                        The Blue Mosque, reputed by many to be the most beautiful mosque in the world, is located next to the Hippodrome, part of the old Roman section of Istanbul. It is called the Blue Mosque because its interior is covered in blue tiles and mosaics. It is truly spectacular. The visitor must remove his/her shoes and females must cover their heads during their visit. Also, shorts are not allowed. The floors are carpeted and lights hang from the high ceilings by wires. The Mihrab, the most sacred part of the mosque, the area which points the worshipper in the direction of Mecca, is gold and intricately decorated. The interior is huge and is sometimes host to 25,000 devotees for prayer service. The Blue Mosque is one of only two mosques in the world with six minarets (the other is in Mecca).

 

               8. Westminster Abbey, London, England

                         Westminster Abbey is a beautiful church in its own right. The exterior resembles the Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris, but, inside, it is more like a museum or a mausoleum, in that it contains the tombs of, or memorials to, most of the kings and queens of England, as well as many other notables. It is solemn inside because it is the burial place of so many, and pictures cannot be taken as a consequence. Some of the special memorials are particularly elaborate, such as the tombs of Elizabeth I and her rival, Mary, Queen of Scots. Of special note is the Poet’s Corner which has busts or plaques to England’s famous literati.

 

               9. Duomo, Milan, Italy

                          The Duomo is located in a huge piazza, opposite La Scala. It is impressive because of it size, but, more importantly, for its glorious exterior decoration. It has 135 spires and numerous statues and gargoyles. The interior is equally imposing with huge supporting columns and beautiful stained glass windows.

 

               10. Duomo, Florence, Italy

                           The Duomo of Florence, Santa Maria del Fiore, has one of the most beautiful and most recognized exteriors in the world. Its Brunelleschi Dome was the largest, built without scaffolding, in the world when it was completed in 1463. It has become a symbol of the city with its red roof and distinctive shape. The outside of the church itself is covered in pink, green and white Tuscan marble. Many statues adorn the facade. Unfortunately, the Piazza in front of the Duomo is crowded and narrow, preventing visitors from getting a more distant perspective. Immediately across from the Duomo entrance is the Baptistry, with its beautiful, Ghiberti bronze doors (on the North and East sides of the building). The panels depict scriptural subjects, such as, the expulsion of Adam and Eve from Eden, Moses receiving the Ten Commandments, etc. Inside are colorful mosaics.

 

               11. Mezquita, Cordoba, Spain

                          La Mezquita, in Cordoba, Spain, began its existence as a mosque when construction began in 788 AD. The interior of the mosque is breathtaking with hundreds of red and white striped double arches. The Mihrab, the most sacred part of the mosque, has intricate geometric designs.

                          Later, in the life of this remarkable building (in the 16th century), after the Christians conquered the Moors, a cathedral was erected within the center of the mosque, which, except for its position, would probably be an important sight in and of itself. The Choir stalls are beautifully carved mahogany and the pulpits are also noteworthy. Now, however, it detracts somewhat from the mosque.

                          Outside is the Patio of the Orange Trees, a shady respite from the summer heat and the bell tower which dominates the skyline of the city.

 

               12. Duomo, Pisa, Italy

                          The Leaning Tower of Pisa and its Piazza dei Miracoli (Field of Miracles) is another spectacular religious sight. Three buildings, the Baptistry, the Duomo, and the Campanile (Leaning Tower) occupy a broad grassy plain. Each building would be a centerpiece in its own right, but to have them all together in one location is wonderful. Despite the commercialism across the street, this spot is awe-inspiring.

                          The Baptistry is best known for its pulpit and its acoustics. Check out the panels on the door of the Duomo, facing the tower, depicting the life of Christ and also its pulpit, inside. The Leaning Tower has been aslant since its construction began in 1174. Finally, engineers have halted the settling and it is once more possible to climb the tower. Reservations are essential in the high season.

 

               13. Melk Abbey, Melk, Austria

                          Austria’s Melk Abbey is one of the most beautiful, Baroque buildings in the world. It sits dramatically atop the edge of a promontory over the Rhine River. The overall impression the visitor receives is one of great wealth -- everything in the abbey and its church, the Stiftskirche, is gilded and incredibly ornate. The library is famous the world over for the over 80,000 volumes in its collection and its beautiful wooden decor. The church, itself, is lavish in its ornamentation, with numerous gilded statues and frescoes.

 

               14. Chartres Cathedral, Chartres, France

                         A popular day trip from Paris lies south in the town of Chartres to explore its famous Cathedral. It is considered a model of Gothic architecture and has been copied many times over the years. A cathedral has existed on this site since the 4^th century, although today‘s gothic structure dates to the 12^th century. It is an imposing sight for any visitor since it towers over the town and can be seen for miles.

 

               15. Wieskirche, Wies, Germany

                          The amazing Wieskirche, a Rococo masterpiece, located just off the Romantic Road, has been recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site for its incredible splendor. With its frescoed ceilings and gilded accoutrements and lovely marble columns, it is certainly one of the most extravagant and delightful churches in the world.

 

               16. St Francis Basilica, Assisi, Italy

                          The town of Assisi is charming and a joy to walk, despite the hills, but its crowning feature is the Basilica di San Francesco, one of the world’s most beautiful and important Catholic churches. It is really two churches in one, the Lower Church, built in the Romanesque style in the early 1200’s and the Gothic Upper Church. The frescoes in both are beautiful and memorable.

 

               17. St Mary's Church, Krakow, Poland

                         At one end of the Rynek Glowny,Krakow's huge main square, is St Mary’s Church. From its bell tower, in the 13th century, a trumpeter was warning the townspeople with his horn that the enemy Tatars were approaching, when he was struck and killed by an arrow. Each hour, this scene is reenacted with the trumpeter beginning his warning and never completing it.

                        The interior of St Mary’s Church is positively stunning. Ceilings and columns are painted a dark shade of red or maroon while many of the baroque accoutrements are black with gold trim, creating a striking appearance. The main altarpiece is exquisite (considered the finest Gothic sculpture in Poland). Unfortunately, picture-taking is prohibited.

 

               18. St Paul's Cathedral, London, England

                         St. Paul’s Cathedral, the setting for the very public marriage of Prince Charles and Princess Diana, was designed by Christopher Wren, the famous architect who practically rebuilt London after its devastating fire of 1666. The church claims to have the second largest dome in the world (after St Peter’s Basilica in Vatican City). The interior, the setting for many lavish state ceremonies, is striking, especially the ceiling and dome. The outside of the cathedral is also very attractive, but it needs cleaning.

 

               19. Monastery of St John the Theologian, Patmos, Greece

                         Patmos, an island near the coast of Turkey, is also a favorite stop for cruise lines. This island is famous as a Christian pilgrimage site, associated with St John the Theologian, who wrote one of the Gospels, as well as the Book of Revelations, in the New Testament.

                         St John lived on Patmos from 95 to 97 AD (when he was an old man) and was exiled during that time. He wrote “the Apocalypse” as a result of visions he received inside a grotto or cave which can be visited. According to legend, he listened to God’s revelation while lying in the cave and the cave wall was split during the vision.

                         From the cave, visitors are led to the highest hill of the island where a Monastery was built, in the 11^th century, dedicated to the memory of St John. The Monastery is still in operation and contains a beautiful church, with frescoes from the period. The museum on the grounds has numerous artifacts on view which have been left by pilgrims with the Monastery, notably a painting by El Greco and some relics given by Catherine the Great of Russia. The Monastery area also provides a great view of the island and its Aegean coastline.

 

               20. Canterbury Cathedral, Canterbury, England

                         Canterbury Cathedral is not only an impressive church, but is also a repository of a considerable amount of history, particularly involving the events surrounding the murder of Thomas Becket in 1170 (his remains were housed here until 1538). The church is also known for its medieval stained glass and the tomb of the Black Prince (son of Edward III).

 

               21. St Giles Cathedral, Edinburgh, Scotland

                         St Giles Cathedral, the High Kirk of Edinburgh, with its distinctive steeple and its dark, Gothic interior, lies along Edinburgh's famous Royal Mile.

 

               22. Stephansdom, Vienna, Austria

                         Stephansdom, whose steeple still dominates the skyline of the city of Vienna, is a beautiful, Gothic cathedral, especially distinctive because of its mosaic tile roof, many intricate, stone sculptures, and wood-carved altar.

 

               23. St Vitus' Cathedral, Prague, Czech Republic

                          St Vitus Cathedral, is a 14th century Gothic structure which is notable for its stained glass windows and the tomb of Saint (King) Wenceslas, the patron saint of the Czech Republic

 

               24. Cathedral, Seville, Spain

                         Seville’s Cathedral is the largest Gothic building in the world, and the third largest church in Europe. Its Moorish bell tower, the Giralda, has become a symbol of the city. The interior of the church displays much beauty and wealth, from the Choir stalls to the gilded Reredos of the Main Chapel, to the Sacristy and the Treasure. A Patio of Orange Trees, similar to the one at La Mezquita offers shade and greenery. Columbus’ grave (no one truly knows if his remains are really here) is also noteworthy.

 

               25. Santa Croce Church, Florence, Italy

                         Another famous house of worship in Florence is the church of Santa Croce which, besides another gorgeous marble façade, some beautiful artwork, such as frescoes by Giotto and a chapel dome by Brunelleschi, contains the tombs of Michelangelo, Galileo, Machiavelli, and other notables.

 

               26. Wawel Cathedral, Krakow, Poland

                          The Wawel dominates the upper part of the Old Town. It is really composed of two buildings, Wawel Castle and the Cathedral.

 

               27. Cathedral, Toledo, Spain

                          The Catedral is easily the most magnificent structure in the city of Toledo. From the Reredos of the high altar, to the Choir, to the Transparante behind the altar -- all are exquisite! Unfortunately no pictures are allowed inside.

 

               28. York Minster, York, England

                          The York Minster, the largest Gothic cathedral north of the Alps, is stunning inside, with its intricate choir screen, made of stone, depicting kings of England, and its beautiful Chapter House.

 

               29. Munster, Berne, Switzerland

                           The Munster (Cathedral) dominates the skyline of Berne. Note the carved scenes of heaven and hell above the main entrance.

 

               30. Basilica of the Holy Blood, Bruges, Belgium

                           The Basilica of the Holy Blood, which houses a relic (a cloth with the reputed coagulated blood) of Jesus Christ along with a beautiful interior, can be found on Burg Square, one of the elegant gathering places in Bruges.

 

               31. Monastery, Ettal, Germany

                           Ettal Monastery (Kloster Ettal), in the town of Ettal, a short distance from Oberammergau, is a splendid abbey with another Baroque masterpiece, the Church of Our Lady. Note the beautiful frescoed dome and elaborate decorations throughout. The exterior of the abbey is made even more beautiful by its dramatic setting, nestled in the mountains.

 

               32. Abbey, Montecassino, Italy

                           One of several possible excursions from Rome is to the famous Abbey at Montecassino, south of the city. It was the site of one of the bloodiest battles of World War II. The Abbey was considered a high priority target since its location at the top of a mountain was a German observation post and headquarters. Although almost completely destroyed in the bombing and subsequent fighting, it has been lovingly restored and also contains a memorial cemetery to commemorate those who lost their lives in its liberation.

 

               33. Hofkirche, Innsbruck, Austria

                           The Hofkirche contains the elaborately decorated mausoleum of Maximilian I, flanked by 28 bronze, life-size statues representing his real and legendary ancestors.

 

               34. Frauenkirche, Munich, Germany

                        Near the Marienplatz is the Frauenkirchen (Mary’s Church), a huge cathedral, surprisingly, made of brick. Its distinctive twin steeples are a symbol of Munich.

 

               35. Sacre Coeur Church, Paris, France

                        Sacre Coeur, another of Paris’s beautiful churches, sits atop the Montmartre section of the city. Its location is extremely prominent, and, although initially disliked by the Parisians, has become one of the city’s many symbols. It is elegant in white, and is best reached by a funicular, since the climb is extremely steep. It also offers a spectacular view of the entire city.

 

               36. Duomo, Siena              

                         Not far from the Piazza del Campo is the Duomo of Siena, a magnificent church with a striped marble exterior decorated with numerous statues and a black and white marbled interior which houses several major works of art by artists like Michelangelo, Bernini, and Donatello.

 

 

               37.  El Escorial, Spain

                        One of the most popular excursions from Madrid is west to El Escorial (more precisely, Monasterio de San Lorenzo de El Escorial), which has been the summer palace for the Kings of Spain since 1564. It was built by Philip II and completed by his son. It is another great chateau in the spirit of Versailles.

                        Yet it is more than a residence; it is also a monastery with a lovely chapel. As expected, the rooms are extremely ornate, with beautiful artwork and tapestries. Especially noteworthy are the five wooden doors, gifts from the Kingdom of Austria, which are incredibly detailed, with inlaid wood of different colors. Also significant are the Pantheons, the crypts of the kings (all but 3 monarchs since 1564 have been interred here), and the Pantheon Infantes, the tombs of the royal children who did not become kings.

 

                38. Oude Kerk, Delft, Netherlands

                         The Oude Kerk (Old Church), founded around 1200, can also be visited (combination tickets include both). It houses the tombs of many important and famous Dutchmen, particularly Jan Vermeer, the artist, and Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, the inventor of the microscope.

 

                39. New & Old Cathedrals, Salamanca, Spain

                         In an interesting situation, Salamanca's two main churches adjoining one another. Check out these cathedrals (Nueva and Vieja) as you stroll the charming streets of the city.

 

                40. Notre Dame Cathedral, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg

                         The huge Notre Dame Cathedral sits near the city walls, above the Casemates and other fortifications.

      The following is a list of some of the world's greatest scenic drives, according to Gary & Lee.

 

                  1. Amalfi Coast, Italy, from Positano to Amalfi

                          This narrow road (Rte 163) winds precipitously along the cliffs above the Mediterranean Sea. Adorable towns spill down to the water. Some of the most attractive villages include Positano, Amalfi, Ravello, and Atrani. The route is a challenge to drivers, who must be ever watchful for buses and trucks coming around each hairpin turn. Driving is made even more difficult because of the spectacular scenery. It is not for the faint-of-heart.

 

                  2. Pacific Coast Highway (Highway 1), California, USA, from Santa Barbara to north of San Francisco

                          Here is another fantastic coastal drive. Rte 1, although much wider than Rte 163 (above) is also fun to drive because it parallels the winding coastline. There are many noteworthy attractions along the road which encouraging stopping and even spending the night. A few of these attractions are Hearst Castle (at San Simeon), Monterey (with its own spectacular drive known as 17-mile drive), Big Sur, Santa Barbara, San Francisco, Muir Woods, Point Reyes National Seashore, etc.

 

                  3. Icefields Parkway, Alberta, Canada, from Banff National Park to Jasper, Alberta

                          The Icefields Parkway, is a spectacular 142 mile ( 300 km) highway which extends from the town of Lake Louise, northward to the town of Jasper, Alberta. This drive offers amazing views of the Canadian Rockies, waterfalls, lakes and glaciers. It is certainly one of the most beautiful scenic drives in the world. Along the route are numerous overlooks and trails. The road is extremely well-engineered and does not require tremendous mountain-driving skill. Plan to spend the entire day if the drive begins and ends in Banff or Jasper or Lake Louise, since the round-trip is almost 300 miles, and there are obligatory stops along the way to admire the scenery or for other activities.

 

                  4. Going-to-the-Sun Road, Glacier National Park, Montana, USA

                          Going-to-the-Sun Road, a spectacular 50 mile (80 kilometer) scenic drive, bisects the park and offers breath-taking vistas throughout. Stop at the Logan Pass Visitor Center, roughly halfway across, at the Continental Divide, for information and access to several trails. Nearby, the road hugs the cliffs of deep, steep valleys allowing unobstructed views of mountains and glaciers. Be on the lookout for Rocky Mountain Goats which are quite common at the high altitudes.

 

                  5. Cabot Trail, Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, Canada

                           Entry and exit points for the drive are near the city of Baddeck. The drive can be started either on the east or west side of Cape Breton. Visitors should note that the larger Visitor Center is on the western side of the drive, at Cheticamp. The southerly parts of the drive are not particularly special, but the northerly sections provide not only spectacular scenery but steep climbs and hairpin turns as well. This upper section is within the boundaries of the Cape Breton Highlands National Park, which extends from Ingonish on the east to Cheticamp on the west. Also within the park are numerous trails or hikes, scenic overlooks, and several villages and detours to explore.

 

                  6. Oak Creek Canyon Drive (Rte 89A) through Sedona, Arizona, USA

                            Red Rock Canyon, a combination of Red Rock State Park and Oak Creek Canyon, refers to the area around Sedona, Arizona. Because of its dramatic scenery, it has been used for many years as a setting for movies and television ads. A stop in the town of Sedona, an artist and “new age” haven, is worth the extra time. Cathedral Rock is one of most recognized spots along the drive.

 

                  7. Peter Norbeck Scenic Byway (including the Needles Highway), Black Hills, South Dakota, USA

                             This route traverses parts of the Black Hills and allows access to Mount Rushmore National Monument, the still-unfinifshed Crazy Horse Memorial, the Western-style town of Deadwood (now a gambling Mecca) and Badlands National Park.

                             The Needles Highway, a dramatic and interesting scenic drive, is a 22 km (14-mile) trip through unusual granite spires of rock. There are several narrow tunnels, and hairpin turns so large vehicles must use extreme caution. Vistas of the Black Hills are available at pullouts along the drive.

 

                  8. Death Valley Scenic Byway (California Rte 190), USA

                           Death Valley National Park is an eerily beautiful area with considerable contrast in its geology. The park is huge (the largest in the contiguous United States) and the sights are many miles apart so one visit may not be enough to see the entire park. Summertime is not the time to go since it is easily the hottest spot in North America. The many stops along the highways offer interesting insights into the formation and evolution of the area.

                          Particular sights which should not be missed include Badwater, the lowest spot in the Western Hemisphere (282 feet/93 meters below sea level), the Devil’s Golf Course, an unusual landscape of rock salt spires, Dante’s View for a panoramic view of the Valley, and Scotty’s Castle, an interesting ranch house in the middle of nowhere.

 

                  9. Utah 12 Scenic Byway, USA

                          State route 12 connects Capitol Reef National Park, to the north, with Bryce Canyon National Park. Along the way, the drive cuts through Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, an extremely rugged area of canyons and mesas with multicolored sandstone and other examples of erosion geology.

 

                 10. Skyline Drive, Virginia, USA

                          Skyline Drive is one of America’s premier scenic drives. It extends from Front Royal in the north to Waynesboro in the South. There is limited access to the road, so entry must be planned. Because the speed limit is a strictly enforced 35 miles per hour (55 km/hr), it takes at least two (2) hours to drive the entire length. Shenandoah National Park is noted for its beautiful vistas which can be appreciated at the numerous roadside pullouts and by walking some of the many hiking trails. Wildlife is abundant and accessible.

 

                 11. John D Rockefeller Jr Memorial Parkway, which runs along the Snake River through Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming, USA

                             Be sure to check out the views of the Teton range from the John D Rockefeller Memorial Drive (Routes 89 & 191) and/or from Teton Park Road, which runs parallel to the highways. There are great photo opportunities at the Snake River Overlook, on Routes 26,89,191 and also at Oxbow Bend which lies between Jackson Lake Junction and Moran Junction.

 

                 12. White Mountain Trail (Rte 3 & 302) and the Kancamagus Highway (Rte 112), New Hampshire, USA (especially scenic in autumn)

                             The scenic part of Route 3 begins in Lincoln, NH, and travels north past Cannon Mountain, where visitors may stop to take a 50-60 passenger tram to the top of the mountain for glorious views of the area. Rte 302 then cuts eastward, past the famous Mount Washington Inn toward Franconia Notch, a extremely picturesque valley which provides access to many other attractions, such as the Mount Washington Auto Road and the Cog Railway.   

                             The Kancamagus Highway traverses the White Mountains area from Lincoln on the west to Conway on the east. The scenic drive of approximately 56 kilometers (35 miles) is closed in the winter, but otherwise offers spectacular vistas of the mountains of the Presidential Range, Franconia Notch, which is a picturesque pass through the mountains and which allows access to a number of sights and, of course, the town of North Conway, New Hampshire, on Route 16, a quaint Nordic-like ski village which has grown up into a major tourist destination while still preserving much of its charm.

 

                 13. Trail Ridge Road, within Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, USA

                            Mountain scenery is spectacular as Trail Ridge Road leaves Estes, Colorado, and rises to the Continental Divide (an imaginary line which pertains to the movement of rivers -- rivers to the east of the divide travel to the Atlantic or Gulf of Mexico, rivers to the west travel to the Pacific) and beyond. Notable locations on the highway include Berthoud Pass and Grand Lake. Wildlife sightings are usually frequent.

 

                 14. Road to Hana, on the island of Maui, Hawaiian Islands, USA

                           The beautiful “Road to Hana”, is a scenic drive along the northwestern coast. Be aware that there is no way of looping back to central Maui, so that the drive must be retraced, a roundtrip of more than 5 hours without stops. Get a map of the Hana Highway prior to setting out and plan stops, designated by milepost number for maximum enjoyment. On the “Road to Hana”, be sure to stop at Wai’anapanapa State Park to picnic or take pictures on the small black sand beach with interesting black rock arches offshore which contrast nicely with the gorgeous teal-blue water. There is also a lava tube cave.

 

                 15. Seventeen Mile Drive, from Monterey to Carmel-by-the-Sea, California, USA

                          The Monterey Peninsula, in western California, south of San Francisco, is an extremely scenic area of the state. Take 17-mile drive, a loop which connects the city of Monterey with Carmel, to admire the rocky coast as well as the beautiful homes and golf courses (try to have lunch at Pebble Beach for a special treat) and do stop for a photo opportunity at the Lone Cypress, a tree (supported now by guy wires because of its significance) which stands alone on a promontory of rock that juts out into the Pacific, making it one of the most westerly points in the contiguous United States. While in the area, be sure to spend some time in Monterey whose sardine industry was made famous in John Steinbeck’s novel “Cannery Row”. The Monterey Bay Aquarium is definitely worth a visit.

 

                 16. Blue Ridge Parkway, North Carolina/Virginia, USA

                             The Blue Ridge Parkway is a 750 kilometer (469-mile) scenic highway which connects the Great Smoky Mountains National Park with Shenandoah National Park and makes for a great excursion from either. There are several Visitor Centers which provide information about the history of the road and the neighboring countryside. Because the road follows the ridge line of the mountains, numerous pullouts offer spectacular vistas of the valleys to the east and mountains to the west. Speed limits are strictly enforced and established to encourage leisurely travel, so this is not the route to take when in a hurry.

 

                 17. Highway 101 which runs north to south along the coast of Oregon, USA

                           Really an extension of the Pacific Coast Highway (see #2 above), this route traverses coastal plain, dunes, and numerous other shoreline habitats. Many sea stacks are visible just offshore. Noteworthy stops along the drive include the charming town of Newport, OR, and a large stand of Pitcher Plants (one of a few types of insect-eating plants).

 

                 18. High Road to Taos, New Mexico, USA

                           This drive connects the enchanting city of Santa Fe, with its well-preserved Old Town, recalling its Spanish days, with the small town of Taos, famous for the Taos Pueblo, an Indian commune still in operation which allows visitors a glimpse into this interesting culture.

 

                 19. Columbia River Parkway, Oregon, USA

                           Multnomah Falls & Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area are located east of Portland on the border between Oregon and Washington. The Historic Columbia River Highway offers access to the area’s attractions. Perhaps the most dramatic of these is Multnomah Falls, the highest waterfall in Oregon, and one of the highest in the United States, at 310 meters (620 feet). An interpretive center at the base of the falls provides information and displays regarding the entire area. There is a trail which allows access to the falls and a bridge which traverses the gorge created by the falls, about halfway up. This unusual situation provides some interesting photo opportunities.

 

                 20. Colonial Parkway, from York to Jamestown, VA, USA

                          Take a drive along the Colonial Parkway which links Williamsburg with Yorktown, sight of the British surrender that marked the end of the Revolutionary War, and with Jamestown, location of the first Virginia colony in 1607. Stops at each of these areas are also worthwhile, if time permits.

      Should we get there as soon as possible, by the shortest, most direct route, or should take it easy and take a more leisurely, more scenic route? This is often an issue when taking a road trip. Ultimately, I suppose, the answer to the dilemma depends on the amount of time available for the trip.  I think that the ideal solution incorporates a little of both strategies.

      Lee and I have always been a fan of scenic drives. I own a series of books, published by National Geographic, entitled "Driving Guides to America" which contain a number of scenic drives for each region of the US and Canada. We have taken many of the drives over the years. I have also consulted the website "byways.org" which includes a list of national scenic highways and byways promoted by the Federal Highway Administration of the USA. In addition, AAA maps always include scenic routes, marked with green dots, and I frequently alter my route to incorporate these roads. Lately, I have begun to design my own scenic routes which combine much of this information.

     To get back to the central issue, I feel that the decision depends more on where you are rather than how much time you have. Many scenic routes are simply alternatives to highways, which do not require considerably more time. Rte 89A and Rte 179 through Oak Creek Canyon and the Sedona area of Arizona are roughly parallel to Interstate 17 but incredibly more scenic and fun. Old US 40 (now US 40A) runs parallel with Interstate 68/US 40) but is more interesting to drive. My feeling is, if there is a scenic route which traverses the same basic ground and gets to the place you are going, take it!

     Lee and I love to include highways (for their speed and safety) as well as scenic drives in all road trips. Many of the scenic drives, especially those which are off the beaten track or which strike off in a different direction, can be done as excursions from nearby destinations. All we have to do is to build in an extra day or so into the itinerary to accomplish this.

     And what would a scenic drive be if we did not make some stops along the way?  Often these drives are created or exist because of the attractions which are accessible along the route. Thus, the General's Highway is a scenic route through King's Canyon and Sequoia National Parks, providing access to many of the attractions within the parks.

    In conclusion, always consider adding scenic drives to an itinerary to spice it up a bit and give everyone in the car a relief from the highways, which, although efficient, are often crowded with large trucks and considerable road noise.

     In these days of extremely high gas prices around the world, are there ways of saving money while taking road trips? I think there are ways although it is getting more and more difficult.

     When we travel by car in the US, there are several steps that we take both to money. First, we try to stay in Hampton Inns, wherever we go. Besides accruing Hilton Honors points, which we can use for both hotel stays and airline miles, they are reasonable in price, clean and consistent. But the most important reason is that they provide a substantial breakfast each morning. This eliminates the need to find a breakfast place and saves the time of going elsewhere, sometimes waiting in line, etc. We can even grab a piece of fruit on the way out for a snack, later in the day.

     Second, we always bring a cooler. If we are leaving from home in our own car, we bring a large, rigid cooler and pack is with drinks, snack foods, and picnic items for the road. Each evening, we fill the cooler with ice, then again in the morning, and we maintain this storehouse for the entire trip. If we are flying somewhere and renting a car, we bring a collapsible cooler in our suitcase (these have become much better recently).

    From time to time, we will stop at a deli or supermarket to pick up more cold cuts, fruit, and other lunch items. This not only saves the expense of eating in restaurants, but also reduces the boredom which often sets in when every meal is in a restaurant. Picnics provide both variety and fun to the trip. It's cool to eat outdoors in the wilderness of a national park, for instance. Kids, especially, love picnics because they are outside and can run around while things are being prepared. Incidentally, we always bring a paring knife and a few utensils whenever we travel.

    Other money-saving suggestions include looking for coupons or discounts for the attractions in each area. AAA offers discounts at many sights, and you may qualify for discounts in several ways. Seniors should always inquire about senior-discounts; those in the military should ask for government or military discounts, etc. Sometimes, coupons can be found on the internet or in literature about an area.  Even inquire about discounts at Tourist Information Offices.  

    Another idea is to look for early-bird specials at restaurants. Some places offer free or reduced appetizers at certain times, others may have 2 for 1 specials, etc.

    In Europe, almost all hotels provide a breakfast (some are substantial, while others are rather spartan). Once again, a collapsible cooler is an excellent suggestion, although ice is not as plentiful or available here. Outdoor markets are a very good place to look for lunch items or fruit.

    Basically, be observant and constantly look for opportunities to save money. It makes your travels more affordable and reduces the effects of rising prices or poor exchange rates.

      When I was younger and just beginning to travel, I firmly believed that I should begin with my own country (the USA). I was not interested in going elsewhere until I had seen what my country has to offer. Thus, I did not take my first trip to Europe until I was 51 years old. When I did, I began to realize what I had missed. Here was an area, especially rich in history and culture, which I had never experienced. Lee and I began making trips to Europe on an almost annual basis, a practice which continues today.

     The issue here has to do with timing. As we have gotten older, we both have come to the following realization -- travel to exotic and challenging locations when you are young and save the easy and familiar until you are older. The reason for this concerns health. Now that we are older, we do not have the stamina or the physical ability to do the things we did when we were younger. We want to do them but our bodies rebel. Plus, we are both on a number of medications and the thought of having to seek medical help in a foreign country is scary.

    Thus, my advice to younger readers, now matter what your country of origin, is to save the nearby travel destinations for a time when you can't or don't want to handle the others. Even though I made my long range plan for all the right reasons, I find now that it was probably a mistake. Lee, at this time in her life, dislikes air travel. Now would be the time for our cross USA trip because all we have to do is get in the car and drive.

    Best of luck with all your travels!

      The east coast of the US (particularly the Interstate 95 corridor) has numerous sights which recall the country's early colonization period (16th - 17th century) and its initial struggle for freedom from English rule in the late 18th century. This trip is designed to incorporate many of the these sights into a coherent whole. Times and distances are approximate and can be customized to fit the traveler's time and other restraints.

     This road trip begins in Boston, MA, certainly the cradle of our fledgling republic back in the 1760's.  The sights which should be visited in the city are all linked together into a walking tour, called the Freedom Trail.  Pick up a map of the trail, including explanations of the various sights at a kiosk on the Boston Common (the city's "central park") and follow the route (marked with red bricks or a red line) at your leisure. The trail ends at the USS Constitution, a restored warship from the era.  Highlights along the route include the Granary Burial Ground which contains the remains of Samuel Adams, John Hancock, and Paul Revere, to mention a few, The Old State House, the scene of verbal debates between the vocal colonists and British officials, Fanueil Hall, where the idea of the Boston Tea Party was discussed, Old North Church, where the famous signal which launched Paul Revere's ride was given, and the Bunker Hill Monument which commemorates this important Revolutionary War battle. (minimum -- 4 days)

    From Boston (and available as a day trip if you are staying in Boston) travel west on Massachusetts Ave to its junction with Rte 2A, where you will find the Visitor Center for the Minute Man National Historical Park, which commemorates the first skirmishes of the Revolutionary War, at Lexington and Concord, MA.

    Another day trip from Boston can be found along Rte 1A, north of the city, in the town of Salem, MA. Salem is not associated with the American Revolution, but, instead, with events which occurred in the late 17th century in this capital of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, concerning witchcraft. The famous Salem witch trials and the events which lead up to them are recreated daily in this area. There are numerous museums and other sights which can be easily incorporated into a walking tour, available at the Visitor Center in town.

    A third day trip, which involves an even earlier period of American History can be found in the seaside community of Plymouth, south of Boston, on Rte 3. Here, colonists, fleeing England because of religious persecution, established the first permanent colony in New England. Plimoth Plantation is an open-air museum which recreates this early settlement. Individuals in period costume speak and act as they would have in the early 1600's. Demonstrations of early American crafts and skills take place daily. Nearby, along the waterfront, visitors may observe Plymouth Rock, thought to be the ground on which these settlers first set foot on the new continent, and also tour the Mayflower II, a replica of the original ship which brought these courageous pioneers here in 1620.

   From Boston, travel south along Interstate 95 to Providence, RI, for the next stop on this historical journey of remembrance. On the east side of the capital city is the Roger Williams National Memorial, which pays tribute to the founder of the state, who left Massachusetts for his own religious reasons.  (1 hour)

    Continuing south on I-95, the next possible stop is in downtown New York City. (For those who are timid about driving in New York, or who have limited time, this location can be skipped, since there is not much to see)  If you love New York or relish the opportunity to spend a day in Manhattan, take the Bruckner Expressway and Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) Drive into Lower Manhattan island. Marvel at what Peter Minuit was able to obtain for about $24 in trinkets, back in 1626, from the local Indians. Imagine how much it would cost today for this exclusive real estate.

    The other attraction in the city is found on Wall Street. Stop in at Federal Hall National Memorial, to see where the 1st congress met and where George Washington was inaugurated.

    From New York, travel south along the New Jersey Turnpike, then west toward Trenton, NJ, for another attraction which recalls George Washington. One of the most famous events of the Revolutionary War was Washington's crossing of the Delaware River in the winter of 1777, a difficult undertaking which saved the city of Trenton from being taken by the British. The event is marked in several places which are quite close to one another. The first is known as Washington Crossing State Park, in Titusville, NJ, accessed via State Rte 546, northwest of Trenton.  Continue west across the bridge, onto Pennsylvania Rte 532 to see a more extensive celebration of this event at Washington Crossing Historic Park, near the town of Washington Crossing, PA.

    From Rte 532, continue south and pick up I-95 again, heading for Philadelphia, PA, the next major stop on this journey of rediscovery. Downtown Philadelphia, right along the Delaware River waterfront, is the location of one this country's major historic areas. Known as Independence National Historical Park, the area is a living history lesson. Walk the tree-lined streets of this quaint and well-preserved enclave to visit Independence Hall, where the Declaration of Independence and the United States Constitution were hotly debated and finally ratified. Take a close look at the Liberty Bell, an iconic symbol of this country's fight for independence from England. (Minimum 3 days)

    Also in the area are several attractions which are associated with one of the giant of the revolution, Benjamin Franklin. His museum, home, and first Post Office are fitting tributes to this larger-than-life character.

     While in Philadelphia, be sure to check out City Hall, with its statue of William Penn atop this striking classical-style building. You will find City Hall at one end of Benjamin Franklin Parkway, an elegant, flag-lined boulevard which leads from the downtown area to the famous Philadelphia Museum of Art, whose broad stairway was featured in the movie, Rocky.

     Just west of the city, along I-76, the Pennsylvania Turnpike, is Valley Forge National Historic Park, the location of Washington's encampment prior to his crossing of the Delaware. This visit is an easy excursion from the city.

    A bit farther afield, along Rte 30 west, is York, PA, location of the Colonial Complex, a group of buildings preserved from this period, which features the York County Colonial Courthouse, where the Continental Congress voted to adopt the Articles of Confederation.

     Along the way to or from York, travelers will pass through the Pennsylvania Dutch area, a string of towns and villages which are home to numerous Mennonites or Amish families. Although not exactly fitting this themed tour, it is an interesting area, nevertheless, and may be worth a few hours.

    From Philadelphia, continue south on I-95 to Washington DC. My suggestion is to stay just south of the city, in Alexandria, VA, because hotels are much cheaper yet is fairly convenient to the attractions in the area.  (Minimum 2 days)

    Washington was built after the period we are exploring, however, there are a few locations in DC which fit nicely into this itinerary. First of all, there are the monuments to a number of the major players during the early days of our Republic. The Washington Monument and the Jefferson Memorial, for instance, allow visitors to learn much about these two American heroes. More importantly, the National Archives preserves original copies of the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and the Constitution.

    Just south of the city, accessible via the George Washington Memorial Parkway, is Mount Vernon, the estate of our first President, which contains numerous relics recalling his life and times.

    Alexandria's Old Town is also a worthwhile stop since much of its Colonial architecture is preserved. Obtain a map of the area and stroll the quaint streets.

    After Washington, continue south along I-95 to Richmond, VA, then travel eastward along I-64 to the city of Williamsburg, VA.  This area, known as the Hampton Roads section, has several important historical attractions. Most important, and worth a full day, is Colonial Williamsburg, a perfectly preserved, living history museum, which allows visitors to experience life in 18th century America. It is the largest museum of its type in the world, and has become a model for venues like this elsewhere. Residents are dressed in period costumes, speak as people did then, and are engaged in activities of the time. Demonstrations and other events occur throughout the day, so be sure to pick up a list at the Visitor Center. (Minimum 2 days)

    One of my favorite stops is the Kimball Theater for A Conversation With Patrick Henry. Other important stops include the Governor's Palace and the Capitol. However, the real charm of Williamsburg is revealed by just walking the streets of the city.

    While in the area, take a scenic drive along Colonial Parkway which traverses the countryside between Yorktown and Jamestown, passing through Williamsburg along the way.

     Yorktown, VA, is the sight of a Revolutionary War battlefield as well as the location of Gen Cornwallis' surrender to George Washington which marked the end of the conflict. The village has been carefully preserved, as well as elements of the armed forces who faced one another here.

    At the other end of the parkway is the the location of the very first permanent settlement in the United States, Jamestown. Here, in 1607, English colonists established a village, a foothold on the new continent. At Jamestown Settlement, another open-air museum recalls the daily life and struggles of these courageous colonists. Nearby by is the archaeological site which has just recently discovered the location of the original colony.     

    For many travelers, depending on time available, this is the end of the nostalgic look at Early America. But for those with more time and energy, there is more available, further south.

   Continue eastward on I-64 to Norfolk, then south on Rte 168 which becomes Rt 158 south in North Carolina. Cross over onto the Outer Banks region and Rte 12 south. The attraction here is an evening performance of a play known as The Lost Colony, a dramatization of the first English colony in the New World, on Roanoke Island, accessible via State Rte 64 west from Nags Head, NC.  Prior reservations are essential for this seasonal (Summer only) nightly performance. Roanoke Colony was established by Sir Walter Raleigh in 1585, but mysteriously disappeared sometime before the next English expedition in 1590. No one knows what became of the colonists. (2 days)

    Continue south on Rte 12, then cross back onto the mainland via the ferry at Okracoke (reservations strongly suggested). Here the road becomes Rte 70 south, then Rte 24 south to Jacksonville, NC. From there, take US Rt 17 south into South Carolina and continue to the charming city of Charleston, SC, a city founded in 1670, which has preserved many of its early buildings. Stroll the streets to experience the laid-back atmosphere of this southern town.  (1 day)

    Continue south on US 17 to I-95, then south to Savannah, GA, your next historical stop. Savannah was the location of James Oglethorpe's original Georgia colony and the city has managed to preserve much of his groundbreaking design. Oglethorpe laid the city out as a series of wards which centered on a square. 21 of the 24 squares still survive and give the city a special charm and ambience. Walking the area, as well as the Savannah waterfront, with numerous shops and restaurants, is highly recommended. (2 days)

   The last stop on this historic journey can be reached via I-95 south in Florida. The city of St Augustine, FL, was the first European settlement in America, reached first by Ponce de Leon in 1513, then established as a Spanish colony in 1565. Much of the Old City survives and can be easily explored on foot. Notable stops include Castillo de San Marcos National Monument, the Spanish fortification, the Oldest House, and the Colonial Spanish Quarter, a living history museum which recalls life in the colony. (2 days)

    This concludes the entire historical tour. The sights commemorate almost 300 years of history, the infancy of our great nation.

     

 

   

  

     First of all, plan early!  Begin to research hotels up to a year in advance. I always start with Fodor's guide, because I find him fairly reliable with regard to hotels. I go to his website and check out the offerings. I usually print in a word processing file his entire entry on the hotels which I might consider. But which ones should be considered?

    The answer here is same as in real estate -- Location, location, location!  I immediately eliminate all hotels out of the centro, or old town, since the convenience of being able to walk everywhere is much more important than price at this time. I also eliminate exorbitant hotels since I am always concerned with budget. So I look primarily at moderately priced hotels which have at least 3 stars in the European system (I might consider a 2-star if Fodor recommends it highly or thinks it is better than its rating).  I print up this list and use it as my basic resource (it always includes things like address, phone number, and website, as well as comments about the amenities).

    Next, I go to Borders or Barnes & Noble and cross-reference with other guidebooks (similar to the process for finding restaurants if you have read it on my blog). If there is a particularly important comment made in another guide book, I will write it in next to the Fodor entry.

    Then, and Lee usually joins me at this point, we check out the websites for each of the possible hotels. Many of them have virtual tours of the hotel. This part is extremely important to Lee so I let her lead the way here. If she does not like what a hotel looks like, we eliminate it. The ones she particularly likes, we asterisk, and so on. At the end of this process, we usually have an ordered list of hotels for each of our stays. Then, and only then, do we call or email the hotel about availablility (although some hotels will only quote rates if you specifically inquire).

    Finally, we select from the list and make our reservations. We have had marvelous success using this system, especially in Europe, where hotels vary greatly in comfort and amenities. Some of the amenities we look for are parking (very important in Europe where parking is at a premium), air-conditioning (most important if travel is in the summer months) and sometimes laundry facilities (at some point in our trip, we try to do some laundry, so we look for this about halfway through our trip).

    Good luck with your travels and hope this helps.

     I always felt that it was extremely unfortunate that many people stereotype the American people and its culture by the actions of a few. There is no greater example of this than the concept of the "Ugly American", the perception by many foreigners that Americans are all arrogant boors who have no respect for other cultures. 

     I thought it was a totally unfair characterization until I witnessed this type of boorish behavior myself. We were seated in a lovely restaurant in Cordoba when a group of Americans came in escorted by the very gracious and accomodating Maitre d"hotel. We overheard them saying, "I can't believe you don't have a non-smoking section. We refuse to sit where there might be smokers!" Then this group had the nerve to go around asking diners if they smoked, until they found an area that they approved of. The Maitre d' was extremely embarassed, but he let them take charge. These people were the classic "Ugly Americans" and they give all American travelers a bad reputation.

     To all foreigners -- We are not all like this!  Most of us try very hard to respect your culture, speak your language and otherwise try to adjust to situations without confrontation and humiliation. Unfortunately, the conception of "Ugly Americans" is so ingrained that we must work especially hard for a long time to ever have a chance of eliminating the perception.

     So how should we act?  My strong feeling is that it all begins with language. All travelers should make a concerted effort to learn the language of the countries they plan to visit. This does not mean taking a course (although it may be a good idea in the case of Spanish, since there are so many Spanish-speaking people around the world, and Chinese, since it is rapidly becoming an important international language now that China is emerging from the shadows and participating more openly in the world scene). I simply mean buying a phrasebook or an audio-CD and spending some time with the language in advance of the trip.

     Lee and I love to prepare by listening to CD's in the car or attempting to converse at home. I am certainly not talking about fluency. No one expects that, although it is always amazing to me how many Europeans speak several languages. This fact, by the way, is related to the Ugly American idea, because the American culture seems to condone that fact that the majority of its citizens know only English. For instance, we do not require foreign language instruction in our schools until high school, at which point it is much more difficult to learn foreign languages.

     My point is that foreigners will respect the tourist who attempts, however badly, to speak their language, and will label the tourist "arrogant" if they don't even try. It doesn't take much practice to learn a few basic phrases, but it always surprises me how many travelers speak to foreigners as if they were their next-door neighbors.

     Another thing that you can do is to try the regional foods, instead of frequenting Macdonald's or other American chains. To me, going to different country and eating American foods is another form of disrespect -- it is a refusal to immerse yourself in the local culture.  It would be like Chinese visitors coming to America and eating nothing but Chinese food -- are they getting a taste of America?

     As frustrating as sometimes is, another common Ugly American tactic is to ignore rules or restrictions at various attractions. Many places forbid photographs or at least flash photography at tourist sights, yet I see people doing it anyway.  I can remember being extremely disappointed about these restrictions, but I understand that most of these restrictions are aimed at preservation and are important to prevent the deterioration of these attractions over time.

    Thus, at Chichen Itza, when we were told that tourists can no longer climb the stairs of El Castillo, I was disappointed, because I had been looking forward to the climb, but I realize that this step was necessary for the "greater good".

    Of course, it doesn't help that, politically, our country defies the world, by becoming an "aggressor nation" and invading Iraq, and ignoring the Kyoto protocols. Our cowboy President is perhaps the "ugliest American" of them all!

     In conclusion, to paraphrase a familiar quotation, when traveling to exotic places, take away only photographs and leave behind only footprints!