American historian and champion of women's suffrage, Miram Beard, once wrote,

 

        "Travel is more than a seeing of sights; it is a change that goes on, deep and permanent, in the ideas of living."

 

      I particularly like this quotation, since it says much of what I believe about travel, succinctly and eloquently. Travel causes an evolution in thought and perspective which transforms a person, totally. This metamorphosis can be yours, too, if you choose to engage.

 

       This particular century features some of the world's most famous churches as well as other iconic structures around the world. Considering that these structure are almost 1,000 years old, it is remarkable that they still exist in such good condition.

 

         1. Alcazar, Segovia, Spain (1120) -- This fairy-tale-like castle was one of the models used for the construction of Cinderella's castle in Disneyland. Its towers and turrets dominate the western ridge of the city and overlook a vast countryside.

 

         2. Palace of Holyroodhouse, Edinburgh, Scotland (1128) -- Anchoring one end of the city's Royal Mile, this grand palace was once the residence of Mary, Queen of Scots, rival to the throne of England, of Queen Elizabeth I.

 

         3. Angkor Wat, Siem Reap, Cambodia (1130?) -- This incredible complex of structures was once part of a royal city which was, until fairly recently, overtaken by the jungle.

 

         4. St Francis Cathedral, Assisi, Italy (1140) -- This beautiful church, built to commemorate the life of the father of the Franciscan Order of monks, displays gorgeous murals depicting his life and the life of Christ.

 

         5. Stephansdom, Vienna, Austria (1147) -- One of Austria's most beloved structures, this church dominates a popular square in the center of the Altstadt. Its distinctive tiled roof and tower can be seen from all over the city.

 

         6. Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris, France (1163) -- This iconic building, home to Victor Hugo's famous "hunchback" is THE classic Gothic cathedral, with its flying buttresses and Rose Window.

 

         7. Leaning Tower of Pisa, Italy (1173) -- One of the most photographed and well-known structures in the world, the leaning tower is only part of the group of structures which occupy the Piazza dei Miracoli in this Tuscan town.

 

         8. Saladin's Citadel, Cairo, Egypt (1176) -- Built to withstand the periodic attacks of the Crusaders, this impressive complex dominates the skyline of Egypt's capital city.

 

         9. Alcazar, Seville, Spain (1181) -- This fortified royal palace impresses visitors with its intricate architecture, while its calm and cooling gardens offer respite from the oppressively hot summers in southern Spain.

 

         10. Koutoubia Mosque, Marrakech, Morocco (1184) -- This large structure dominates the mysterious and important city of Marrakech.

 

         11. Chartres Cathedral, Chartres, France (1195) -- Used as a model for the construction of Gothic churches all over Europe, this religious building dominates the skyline of the region and makes a popular day excursion from Paris.

 

         12. Kilkenny Castle, Kilkenny, Ireland (1195) -- Here is one of the most impressive castles in Ireland. The city of Kilkenny is an extremely popular destination for tourists to this friendly nation.

          Leave to Samuel Johnson to be totally practical and utilitarian about travel. His quote reads,

 

               "The use of travelling is to regulate imagination by reality, and instead of thinking how things may be, to see them as they are."

 

          Obviously then, he sees travel as a way to, sort of, put the face with the name, to find out directly what things are like, rather than take someone else's word for it. I suppose there is some truth in the statement, for often, things do not live up to expectations. But the sentiment is too pragmatic for me. I travel because I love it and enjoy seeing and experiencing new places. I am certainly motivated differently than Mr Johnson.

     Poet and critic, Leigh Hunt, wrote,

 

             "Traveling in the company of those we love is home in motion."

 

           Isn't this the truth? Being accompanied by one's family and inner circle is the most enjoyable type of travel. There is no missing home, since the important parts of home are with you. I would love to have the money to take my family on a cruise or fly them all to some fabulous destination. It would probably make the greatest trip! When my children were younger, we did take them everywhere with us, and some of these trips were truly memorable. I took thousands of photos, telling my kids that we were making memories. I still reflect on these days and hope that I can achieve something similar, before I die, with my grandchildren.  

      We are now beginning to survey some of the oldest structures that still remain intact. When visitors confront these buildings, they are truly amazed at how long-lasting some places have been constructed. Here are my favorites from this time, long ago.

 

          1. Bete Gyorgis, Lalibela, Ethiopia (1210) -- Ethiopia's rock churches are a world marvel and this is probably the most impressive of these structures, which are found in clusters in the western part of the country.

 

          2. Duomo of Siena, Italy (1215) -- This glorious church with its black and white striped marble is the rival of Florence's famous duomo and is equally impressive.

 

          3. Binnenhof, The Hague, Netherlands (1229) -- This large complex, situated on a lake in the center of town, is now occupied by government buildings and museums, but retains its elegance.

 

          4. Dom, Cologne (1248) -- This impressive cathedral, one of the world's largest dominates the skyline of the important commercial city in the northern part of Germany.

 

          5. Moai, Easter Island, Chile (1250) -- Much of this island is cloaked in mystery, especially concerning the origin and purpose of these impressive stone monuments which are strewn throughout the countryside.

 

          6. Great Buddha of Kamakura, near Tokyo, Japan (1252) -- This stately and solemn bronze Buddha is one of the largest in the world and has been hosting pilgrimages and tourists for hundreds of years.

 

          7. Castel Nuovo, Naples, Italy (1279) -- This impressive structure overlooks the busy port of Naples, the largest city in southern Italy. The formidable fortification dominates the square.

 

          8. Hofburg, Vienna, Austria (1279) -- This major complex of palaces, churches, and other buildings was the winter residence of the rulers of this important nation and display, fittingly, the power and wealth of the Hapsburgs.

 

          9. Caernarfon Castle, Wales (1283) -- This is one of the most impressive castles in Great Britain and is the most popular destination in the interesting country of Wales.

 

          10. Conwy Castle, Wales (1283) -- Just as formidable as Caernarfon (#9 above), this castle's interior is even more impressive than its exterior.

 

          11. Duomo, Orvieto, Italy (1290) -- Here is another of Italy's most beautiful churches, with mosaics and sculptures that attract thousands of tourists each year.

 

          12. Duomo, Florence, Italy (1296) -- Perhaps the most beautiful of all Italy's churches, the striking exterior has numerous statues in niches of the pink, green and white marble. The campanile, built much later, continues in the same pattern, and the church's Baptistry, opposite the front door, contains Ghiberti's famous bronze doors that depict scenes from the Bible.

 

      Here is a list of my favorite things to do while in the Big Apple. There is such a variety of activities here that a full week is necessary to do the town justice. Some of these activities or attractions are not only suitable for children, but are highly recommended for them.

 

        1. See a Broadway Play -- New York is the world Mecca for live stage, and the talent and quality of productions seems endless. The section of the city known as Broadway is roughly the 10 blocks between 45th street and 55th street, centered around Times Square.

 

        2. Visit the Sony Wonder Lab -- This unusual hands-on tribute to state-of-the-art technology is especially wonderful for kids, and it's one of the few things in the city which are free.

 

        3. Join the Crowds at Rockefeller Center -- Whether you are here for the Today Show, in the morning, or you stop by later in the day or evening, this area is always bustling. Frequently, there are exhibits in place; there is public skating in the winter; or, you can choose to take the NBC Studios tour.

 

        4. Take in the Panoramic View from the Top of the Empire State Building -- One of New York's iconic landmarks, the Empire State Bldg is a must-see attraction, in the major shopping district, along 34th Street. Brave the long lines because the view is incredible!

 

        5. Tour the United Nations Building -- This headquarters for world discussion contains a plethora of interesting objects and artwork donated by countries all over the world.

 

        6. Take the Staten Island Ferry -- This ferry which plies New York harbor connecting Staten Island with Lower Manhattan. In the process, it provides fantastic views of the New York City Skyline and the Statue of Liberty. Perhaps more importantly, a ride on the ferry is free!

 

        7. Visit the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island - Boat service to these two popular destinations is available from Battery Park, in Lower Manhattan, and from Liberty State Park in New Jersey. Both locations provide great views of the city, en route. Note that, for the first time since 9-11, Liberty's torch will open to the public, beginning in July, 2009.

 

        8. Take Some Time for Somber Reflection at Ground Zero -- The former location of New York's Twin Towers is now hallowed ground, as a result of the some 1,000 deaths on this site on September 11, 2001. Much of the area is still under construction, for a new building will rise on this spot in the next few years, but visitors can still see portions of a memorial, as a way of keeping the memory of this infamous day alive.

 

        9. Stroll Through Either the Toys 'R' Us Store or FAO Scwartz -- These two iconic toy stores offer a kaleidoscope of coloful displays and hands-on activities for children of all ages.

 

        10. Ride the Subway -- New York's subway system is one of the oldest and largest in the world. The underground stations are populated with interesting and unusual people and are great for people-watching. They are also pretty safe since there are numerous police officers patrolling.

 

        11. Visit the American Museum of Natural History -- This is one of the best museums of its kind in the world and contains an incredible array of creatures, an immense display of minerals and gems, and also offers a wonderful planetarium.

 

        12. Use Your Imagination at the Museum of Modern Art (MOMA) -- This incredible museum showcases, primarily, 20th century art of all types, and is one of the greatest museums in the world.

 

        13. Get Culture at the Metropolitan Museum of Art -- This more traditional art museum displays a huge collection of master works from all over the world.

 

        14. Stroll Through Central Park -- New York's huge city park offers a kaleidoscope of activities for people of all ages. There is skating in the winter, swimming in the summer, a zoo, and miles of walking or biking paths.

 

        15. Have a Bite in Little Italy -- Although this area has shrunk over the years and seems to be getting gobbled up by Chinatown, there are still some excellent restaurants and bakeries.

 

        16. Find a Bargain in Chinatown -- New York's Chinatown has long been known for bargains, in a city where reasonable prices are hard to find.

 

        17. People-watch in Washington Square -- This park, named for the Washington Arch which graces its northern boundary, is a popular gathering place and a good place to relax.

 

         18.  Monitor the World Business Activity at the New York Stock Exchange -- Head down to Wall Street in Lower Manhattan to see way stock transactions occur. Nearby is a statue of George Washington, on the spot where he was inaugurated as the first US President.

 

         19. Fight the Crowds in Times Square -- This famous section of the city is always bustling with shoppers, tourists, and regular New Yorkers. It is also the scene, on New Year's Eve, of the world's greatest new year celebration.

 

         20. Do Some Shopping at South Street Seaport -- This area of Lower Manhattan, on the East River, has turned warehouses into charming shops and restaurants. It is a beehive of activity during the day and early evening.

 

         21. Walk Across the Brooklyn Bridge -- This familiar landmark, in Lower Manhattan, connects the borough of Brooklyn with Manhattan Island, and offers great views of city's east side.

 

         22. Go Gothic at St Patrick's Cathedral -- This famous church, on 5th Avenue, near the Rockefeller Center, is modeled on the great Gothic cathedrals of Europe.

 

         23. Look Up at Grand Central Station -- This Art Deco masterpiece has a ceiling decorated with the constellations of the night sky. It is still an important entryway into and exit from the city.

 

         24. Catch a Baseball Game at Yankee Stadium -- Although the original stadium has recently been replaced, the new venue is modeled after the old one and still contains a monument park, which pays tribute to Yankee and baseball greats, such as, Babe Ruth, Lou Gehrig, Joe Di Maggio, etc.

 

         25. See Incredible Wildlife at the Bronx Zoo -- This zoological park contains one of the world's finest collections of animals from around the world. Its realistic habitats are second to none. 

 

 

 

     

        Boston is one of America's largest and most historical cities. It is the Mecca of the six-state region known as New England, and offers a multitude of activities for all ages, at all times of the year. Below is a list of my recommended things to do in and around this great city.

 

         1. Walk the Freedom Trail - Grab your walking shoes and pick up a map at the kiosk in Boston Common, or at the Visitor Center, inside the Old State House. The walk will take several hours depending on how long you stay at each stop and how many breaks you take. My walking tour of Boston (see Archives) incorporates much of the Freedom Trail and is an alternative, since it is designed as a loop.

 

         2. Visit the Boston Museum of Science - This museum, lauded for its many hands-on exhibits, is located on the Massachusetts Avenue Bridge and is informative and entertaining for both adults and children.

 

         3. Enjoy Lunch or Dinner in the North End - Boston's North End is the Italian section of the city. It is well known, throughout the region, for its excellent restaurants and bakeries.

 

         4. Do Some Shopping at Fanueil Hall - This historic area of the city has been transformed into a bevy of shops and restaurants and has become a major gathering place in the city.

 

         5. Check out the Marine Life at the New England Aquarium - This venue is one of the premier aquariums in the world. Its huge central tank contains numerous species of fish and other sea creatures. The walls around this tank offer a variety of exhibits to entertain and educate visitors about the oceans and other bodies of water on our planet.

 

         6. Become immersed in the World of Witches at Salem - A short (15-20 miles) excursion north of the city involves stepping back in time, to a period in American history when fear and paranoia ruled. The Salem Witch Trials of the late 17th century are vividly recreated in numerous venues within this Boston suburb.

 

         7. Stroll Around the USA's Oldest Public Park, Boston Common - Stop Number 1 on the Freedom Trail is this large area of green in the city center. In winter there is ice-skating on the Frog Pond, and in summer, the swan boats ply the lagoon in the Public Garden, just across the street.

 

         8. Attend a Boston Pops or Boston Symphony Concert at Symphony Hall - The home of the Boston Symphony and world-famous Boston Pops Orchestras is a great place to enjoy an evening of exceptional music.

 

         9. Visit the Boston Museum of Fine Arts (MFA) - This excellent art display has exhibits from ancient Egypt all the way to the present and is a great way to spend a morning or afternoon.

 

         10. Make a Grave-Rubbing at a Historical Cemetery - Boston, with its long and fabled history, has several historic cemeteries in the city center. Here you can find the gravestones of many famous Americans, such as, Paul Revere, Samuel Adams, and John Winthrop.

 

         11. Return to Camelot at the John F Kennedy Memorial Library - This beautiful location in South Boston recreates, with numerous memorabilia and multi-media presentations, the life of our nation's  beloved, 35th president whose life was cut short by an assasin in November of 1963.

 

         12. Catch a Game Involving One of Boston's Celebrated Sports Teams - Depending on the season in which you visit, you may be able to get a ticket to see either the Boston Celtics (professional basketball), the Boston Bruins (professional hockey), the New England Patriots (professional football), or the Boston Red Sox (professional baseball).

 

         13. Enjoy a Panoramic View of the City from the Top of the John Hancock Building or the Prudential Center - Two of Boston's tallest skyscrapers afford visitors glorious views of the city.

 

         14. Visit the USS Constitution - Take a self-guided tour of one of the country's oldest warships, Old Ironsides.

 

         15. Browse the Stalls at the Quincy Market - Next to Faneuil Hall is a kaleidoscope of interesting and nutritious food. It is a popular place for lunch and is enjoyed by locals as well as tourists.

 

         16. Relive College Days in Nearby Cambridge - Across the Charles River from Boston is the suburb of Cambridge, home of two of the country's most celebated institutions of higher learning, Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. A short walk from the city accesses this charming area.

 

         17. See the Birthplace of the American Revolution at Minuteman National Historical Park - Just west of Boston are the towns of Lexington and Concord, pivotal locations in America's fight for independence from England.

 

         18. Stop in at the National Heritage Museum - While in Lexington, the American Free-masons offer a display of memorabilia and capsules of American history. The best part is that the museum is free!

      This century features some remarkable structures, particularly in the Orient. My list can be viewed below and will be followed up with a photo album, shortly.

 

          1. Palace of the Grand Masters, Rhodes, Greece (1320) - This fortress was constructed for the Knights Templar, and is incorporated into the existing walls of the medieval city.

 

          2. Kapelbrucke, Luzern, Switzerland (1333) - This wonderful covered bridge in the heart of the enchanting Swiss city contains paintings which chronicle the history of Switzerland.

 

          3. Palais des Papes, Avignon, France (1334) - When the papacy briefly moved here from the Vatican, a suitable residence had to be constructed for the titular head of Roman Catholicism, so this grand palace was built.

 

          4. Ponte Vecchio, Florence, Italy (1345) - This covered bridge over the River Arno is a characteristic landmark in the important city of Florence, where the Renaissance was born. It contains retail stalls and is often crowded with shoppers.

 

          5. Alhambra, Granada, Spain (1350) - This huge Moorish complex of fortifications, halls, and gardens, overlooks the historical center of Granada, in southern Spain. It was the last stronghold of the Moors in the country and was the residence, for a time, of American author, Washington Irving.

 

          6. Wat Arun, Bangkok, Thailand (1350's) - This distinctive temple, covered with small pieces of Chinese ceramic, dominates the western bank of the Chao Phraya River, which runs through the center of Bangkok.

 

          7. Meteora Monasteries, Meteora, Greece (1356) - Although these unusual structures, perched atop pinnacles of rock were built over the course of 100-150 years, several were constructed in this century.

 

          8. Bran Castle, Bran, Romania (1377) - This classic Transylvanian castle has been associated with both Count Dracula and with Vlad the Impaler. It probably has little to do with either, but the legend suffices to make it a popular stop for visitors to this Eastern European nation.

 

          9. Wat Phrathat Doi Suthep, Chaing Mai, Thailand (1383) - On a hill, overlooking the ancient city of Chiang Mai from the west, this temple is the holiest and most popular shrine in the vicinity.

 

         10. Residenz, Munich, Germany (1385) - This winter palace, in the historic center of Munich, was built by the powerful Wittelsbach family, rulers of Bavaria for many years. A highlight of the complex is the Cuvillies Theater.         

 

          11. Duomo. Milan, Italy (1386) - This is one of the most glorious churches in the world, with its many statues and pinnacles on the exterior. It is capped with a gilded statue of the Virgin Mary.

 

         12. Kyongbokkung Palace, Seoul, Korea (1394) - This main and largest royal palace in the city once contained hundreds of buildings, before the destruction of many of them, but it is still impressive and now houses a major museum.

      In this pivotal century we see many influences of the Renaissance, the burgeoning of the Arts which has become such an influential epoch in the history of the world. Again, many of the edifices that I have listed below can be found in Europe, where this flowering is most evident. My favorites list will be followed with a photo album.

 

        1. Seville's Cathedral, Seville, Spain (1401) - This immense structure, one of the world's largest churches, is augmented with an exquisite bell tower, formerly a minaret, the Giralda, which has become a symbol of the city. The church reputedly contains the remains of Christopher Columbus, although this fact is disputed.

 

        2. Forbidden City, Beijing, China (1406-1420) - A home to Chinese emperors for hundreds of years, this huge complex, at one end of Tiananmen Square, was once off-limits for all but the most important personages, but is now open to the public and the major tourist destination in the city.

 

        3. National Palace, Sintra, Portugal (1415) - This distinctive and colorful royal residence sits prominently on a hill in the royal city of Sintra, just north of Lisbon.

 

        4. Machu Picchu, near Cusco, Peru (1430) - This city in the clouds, built by the Incas, was unknown to the world until its discovery in 1911. Its located, 8,000 feet up in the Andes Mountains, has made it virtually inaccessible until recently.

 

        5. Hotel-Dieu, Beaune, France (1442) - This hospice, a charity hospital for the needy and poor, is now a popular museum in this charming town, within the province of Burgundy.

 

        6. Windsor Castle, Windsor, England (1450) - This major residence of the Royal Family is located just northwest of London and is a remarkable complex.

 

        7. Old Bridge (Stari Most), Mostar, Bosnia-Herzegovina (1454) - Destroyed in 1993, this picturesque bridge has been lovingly restored.

 

        8. Mehrangarh Fort, Jodhpur, India (1459) - Here is another of India's significant fortifications in the province of Rajastan. It is one of the country's largest and is prominently situated above the city.

 

        9. Topkapi Palace, Istanbul, Turkey (1459) - This huge complex, located strategically at the junction of the Bosporus and the Golden Horn, was, for hundreds of years, the residence of Turkish rulers. The Royal Treasury and the Harem are two of the major highlights.

 

        10. Anne Hathaway Cottage, Stratford-upon Avon, England (1460's) - This beautiful, thatch-roofed house was the birthplace and childhood home of William Shakespeare's wife. It is one of the best examples of this type of country architecture in all of Great Britain.

 

         11. York Minster, York, England (1472) - This imposing, Gothic cathedral features a light, airy interior, despite its immense size. It presides over the medieval, walled city of York and can be seen from throughout the city.

      This century is replete with significant architectural gems, especially in Europe, where the tradition of elaborate residences and religious structures has drawn tourists from all over the world. Below is my list of the greatest of these treasures, listed in chronological order. A photo album will follow this posting.

 

        1. Kremlin, Moscow, Russia (1501-1540) - This incredible complex of mega-structures dominates Red Square, the center of Moscow. Highlights include the Annunciation Cathedral, the Cathedral of the Archangel, and the Armory Palace.

 

        2. St Peter's Basilica, Vatican City (1506-1526) - The central church of the Roman Catholic religion is a fitting tribute to the wealth and power of this major religion. The dome of the church, the largest in the world, was designed by Michelangelo.

 

        3. Wawel Castle, Krakow, Poland (1506-1548) - This complex, prominently situated on a hill above Krakow's charming Old Town, built by Casimir III, contains the Wawel Cathedral, which dates to the 14th century.

 

        4. Hampton Court, Surrey, England (1514) - This palatial residence was originally built for Cardinal Wolsey, by King Henry VIII, and, following the cardinal's death, became a royal residence for a time.

 

        5. King's College Chapel, Cambridge, England (1515) - This glorious chapel, on the grounds of the famous university, features an awe-inspiring fan-vaulted ceiling, and its altarpiece contains the famous Rubens painting, Adoration of the Magi.

 

        6. Torre de Belem, Lisbon, Portugal - This famous tower guards the entrance to Lisbon's harbor and was an important element in the city's fortifications. Nearby is the famous sculpture, Padrao dos Descobrimentos, dedicated to this small country's great explorers.

 

        7. Chateau du Chambord, Chambord, France (1519-1547) - This unusual and distinctive mansion, one of the main stops for visitors to the Loire Valley, began as a hunting lodge and evolved into this striking assemblage of pinnacles and towers.

 

        8. Chenonceau Chateau, Chenonceau, France (1521) - Catherine de Medici produced the final version of this imposing mansion, which straddles the River Cher, in the Loire Valley.

 

        9. The Louvre, Paris, France (1535) - One of the finest Art museums in the world is housed in a former palace, along the east bank of the Seine. The museum contains such masterpieces as the Mona Lisa, Venus de Milo, and Winged Victory.

 

        10. El Morro (El Castillo San Felipe del Morro), San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA (1539) - Here is one of the most imposing fortresses in the entire Caribbean, a model for Spanish forts throughout the region. It dominates the entrance to San Juan's busy harbor.

 

        11. St Basil's Cathedral, Moscow, Russia (1554-1560) - This distinctive landmark which anchors a corner of Red Square has one of the most beautiful and intricate exteriors of any religious structure. It was commissioned by Ivan the Terrible.

 

        12. Sukiennice (Cloth Hall), Krakow, Poland (1555) - This dramatic structure, which sits in the middle of Europe's largest public square, has been transformed into an indoor shopping area, with displays of local arts and crafts.

 

        13. Wat Xieng Thong, Luang Prabang, Laos (1560) - Probably the holiest shrine in Laos, this compound contains a number of Buddha images and is popular with tourists as well as worshippers.

 

        14. Humayun's Tomb, New Delhi, India (1562) - This complex is a gorgeous example of Mughal architecture and is suggestive of the pinnacle of this architecture, personified in the Taj Mahal.

 

        15. El Escorial, San Lorenzo de Escorial, Spain (1563) - This elaborate monastery/royal residence is one of the most popular excursions for visitors to Madrid. It contains the tombs of many of Spain's monarchs and its interior is elegantly appointed.

 

        16. Metropolitan Cathedral, Mexico City, Mexico (1573) - This immense religious edifice dominates the capital city's central square, the Zocalo. It is one of the largest churches in Latin America.

 

        17. Golden Temple, Amritsar, India (1574) - This distinctive, heavily gilded structure is one of the Sikh's holiest places and is located in northern India.

 

        18. Rialto Bridge, Venice, Italy (1588-1591) - A prominent landmark in the heart of Venice, and one of only a few structures which span the Grand Canal, the covered bridge is lined with stalls, selling various types of goods.

 

        19. Amber Fort, Amber, India (1592) - This distinctive fortification is located just outside of Jaipur, a major tourist destination in the province of Rajastan. It attractively blends Hindu and Muslim (Mughal) architecture.       

     The following is my list of the major architectural achievements of the 17th century. There are some extremely notable structures whose existence began during this period. A photo album will follow tomorrow.

 

      1. Rosenborg Castle, Copenhagen, Denmark (1606) - This palace was built by Danish monarch, Christian IV and was used as a royal residence for approximately 100 years.

 

      2. Blue Mosque, Istanbul, Turkey (1617) - This exquisite mosque, actually the Sultan Ahmed Mosque, received its common name because of the preponderance of blue tiles lining the interior.

 

      3. Nijo Castle, Kyoto, Japan (1626) - This fortified palace complex sits at the heart of the former Imperial City of Kyoto, one of the most visited cities in all Japan.

 

      4. Kiyomizu-dera Temple, Kyoto, Japan (1633) - Perhaps the holiest religious building in Japan, this temple sits, dramatically situated, on a slope in the ancient city of Kyoto and was considered as one of twenty entrants when a modern Seven Wonders of the World were selected.

 

      5. Red Fort, Old Delhi, India (1639) - This prominent complex dominates the historic section of Old Delhi. It is named for the dark red sandstone of which it is composed.

 

      6. Potala Palace, Lhasa, Tibet, China (1645) - This elaborate residence was home to the Dalai Lama until he fled the country in 1959. It dominates the landscape of the Tibetan capital and is now a museum.

 

      7. Taj Mahal, Agra, India (1648) - Described by many as the most beautiful man-made structure in the world, this tomb has captured the imagination of millions, as the ultimate symbol of love and undying devotion.

 

      8. Cathedral of Santo Domingo, Cusco, Peru (1654) - This large church dominates the central square, Plaza de Armas, of the important Incan city of Cusco, gateway to Machu Picchu.

 

      9. Versailles, Versailles, France (1664) - Here is the world's quintessential palace, the standard against which all others are compared. A visit here is the most popular excursiion from nearby Paris. Louis XIV had this ornate masterpiece built to show off his wealth.

 

       10. Castillo de San Marcos, St Augustine, Florida, USA (1672) - This classic Spanish fortress guards access to the ancient city of St Augustine, founded by Ponce de Leon in 1513.

 

      11. Tiger's Nest Monastery, Paro, Bhutan (1674) - This precipitously perched temple and shrine, in the mysterious country of Bhutan, is a popular hike from the interesting city of Paro.

 

      12. Nymphenburg Palace, Munich, Germany (1675) - The summer residence of the powerful rulers of the German state of Bavaria is another opulent mansion, replete with manicured grounds and an elaborate interior.

 

      13. St Paul's Cathedral, London, England (1675-1710) - An important symbol and landmark in London, this huge church was built by Christopher Wren, after London's famous Great Fire of 1666.

 

      14. La Parroquia, San Miguel de Allende, Mexico (1683) - The most prominent and distinctive church in this popular city, north of Mexico City, is also known as the Church of St Michael the Archangel.

 

      15. Schonbrunn Palace, Vienna, Austria (1696) - Another dramatic and stately "summer" residence, this palace seems to be modeled on Versailles (see # 5 above). Its extensive fountains and gardens are a fantasy of water and greenery, presided over by an impressive gloriette.

 

      16. Grand Place, Brussels, Belgium (1697) - One of the most elegant squares in all of Europe, the Grand Place is ringed with ornate and pretentious Guild Houses. Every other year, in August, much of the square is covered with a carpet of colorful begonias, making it even more attractive.  

      A century that presaged the world as we know it, and that witnessed some incredible history is well-represented with interesting and important architectural achievements. Here is my list of the most significant of these accomplishments. A photo album will follow, tomorrow.

 

        1. Melk Abbey, Melk, Austria (1702) - Here is a prominent Baroque masterpiece, on the Rhine River, between Salzburg and Vienna. Its church (Stift) and Library are both magnificent.

 

        2. Blenheim Palace, Woodstock, England (1705) - Sir Winston Churchill was born in this elaborate country house and its historical importance makes it a significant tourist attraction in this country of elegant palaces.

 

        3. Sao Francisco Church, Salvador de Bahia, Brazil (1708-1723) - This Colonial church is one of the holiest sites in the entire country of Brazil.  It is located in Pelourinho District of the city, its most historic area.

 

        4. Old State House, Boston, MA, USA (1712) - Prominent during the American Revolution, this historic structure houses the National Historic Site headquarters and Visitor Center.

 

        5. Belvedere Palace, Vienna, Austria (1714-1722) - This glorious residence sits on a hill just above Vienna's Altstadt. It now contains a museum of the Austrian republic. Wandering the rooms of the castle gives the visitor a glimpse of the wealth of the time.

 

        6. Peterhof Palace, St Petersburg, Russia (1714) - One of the most luxurious and opulent palaces in all of Europe, the grounds of this mansion, strewn with scultures and fountains, are among the most elaborate in the world.

 

        7. Catherine Palace, Pushkin, Russia (1717) - This Rococo summer palace of the Russian Tsars was built by Catherine I. The gilded exterior is particularly stunning.

 

        8. Residenz, Wurzburg, Germany (1722) - Another of Europe's grand palaces, this Baroque masterpiece has wowed generations of tourists and heads of state.

 

        9. Winter Palace, St Petersburg, Russia (1732) - This huge and magnificent mansion, built by Peter the Great, is now the home of the world-famous Hermitage Museum.

 

        10. Trevi Fountain, Rome Italy (1732) - Probably the world most recognized fountain, this elaborate fantasy of sculpture and water occupies an entire city block in the Eternal City.

 

        11. Radcliffe Camera, Oxford, England (1737) - This circular building is a prominent landmark on the campus of Oxford University.

 

        12. Palacio Real, Madrid, Spain (1738) - This light-colored mansion in the heart of the royal city of Madrid is done in the style of Versailles and and the other great chateux of France.

 

        13. Ettal Monastery, Ettal, Germany (1744) - This ornate, Baroque masterpiece is near the charming village of Oberammergau, at the foot of the German Alps, and is a frequent stop along the Romantic Road.

 

        14. Summer Palace, Beijing, China (1749) - The idyllic residence of Chinese rulers is located, picturesquely, on a lake in the outskirts of Beijing, and contains the longest covered walkway in the world.

 

        15. Reggia Caserta, Caserta, Italy (1752) - Here is another royal palace which harkens to the grandiose design of Versailles. The interior is just as respendent.

 

        16. Lazienki Palace, Warsaw, Poland (1764) - This "palace on the water" is located on an artificial island in the middle of a lake in the outskirts of Poland's capital city.

 

        17. Schwedagon Stupa, Yangon, Myanmar (1774) - This is one of the most important and stunning Buddhist pagodas in the world. Unfortunately, the country of Myanmar does not encourage tourism, so the temple is not well-known outside the area.

 

        18. Grand Palace, Bangkok, Thailand (1782) - This amazing, gilded complex also houses the Wat Phra Kew, home of the Emerald Buddha, and still features a Changing of the Guard ceremony daily.

 

        19. Temple of the Sacred Tooth Relic, Kandy, Sri Lanka (1784) - This temple, within the Royal Palace complex, is the holiest religious site in the country, because of the presence of this important relic of Buddha.

 

        20. 4. Brandenburg Gate, Berlin, Germany (1788) - The backdrop for the famous Ich bin ein Berliner speech of US President, John F Kennedy, this monumental arch has become a symbol of a unified Germany.

 

        21. Wat Pho, Bangkok, Thailand (1788) - This beautiful temple complex houses the huge Reclining Buddha and is an extremely popular tourist attraction in the center of Bangkok.

 

        22. St Louis Cathedral, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA (1789) - A symbol of the city, this distinctive, two-towered church sits on the elegant Jackson Square, in the heart of the French Quarter.

 

        23. White House, Washington, DC, USA (1790-1800) - Built during the early days of America's independence, this palatial residence has become a symbol of freedom and democracy throughout the world.

 

        24. Hawa Mahal (Hall of Winds), Jaipur, India (1799) - The most noticeable and exquisite sight in the Pink City, this building is part of a huge complex.

 

         

     Famous Scottish writer, Robert Louis Stevenson, author of Treasure Island, Kidnapped, and other classic novels, once wrote,

 

             "For my part, I travel not to go anywhere, but to go.  I travel for travel's sake. The great affair is to move; to feel the needs and hitches of our life more nearly; to come down off this feather-bed of civilization, and find the globe granite underfoot, and strewn with cutting flints."

 

             It sounds to me as if Mr Stevenson has the wander-lust, was bitten by the travel bug, as I feel that I have been. It's interesting, however, that he feels no need to see things, to have a destination, which makes him very different from me. I love the idea of seeing things that are special, whether it's a natural wonder, or a great cathedral, or the tomb of someone truly admired. For a man of his time (the 19th century), he traveled extensively, finally settling in Samoa. Would that I could see as much of the world as this fellow traveler.

              The author of this quote, Ms Biggs-Bradley, editor of Town and Country Travel Magazine, once wrote,

 

               "Traveling well is an art, one that is best mastered with a little help."

 

          This entry seems to indicate that travel assistance is almost always necessary to get the most from an excursion. I heartily agree. Whether it involves extensive research prior to a trip, listening carefully to a knowledgeable guide, or consulting representatives in a Tourist Office, much information can and should be gleaned about a destination to appreciate it. I become totally immersed in a destination prior to and during a trip for this reason. I feel comfortable while on vacation, only when I am well-prepared.

      One of the greatest philosophers of Ancient Greece, Socrates, said,

 

            "Why do you wonder that globetrotting does not help you, seeing that you always take yourself with you? The reason that set you wandering is ever at your heels."

 

       It appears that Socrates was not a great fan of traveling. He is convinced that you take your problems and attitudes with you, so you can never improve. I certainly and humbly disagree with the sage, because I feel enriched and enlightened whenever I travel. However, I can also testify that you can achieve the same effect without wandering from place to place, but it is more difficult to accomplish. Traveling, as I have indicated before, seems to envigorate and accentuate your perceptions, like a shot of adrenaline. What is also true is that you cannot escape your problems by running off somewhere -- they will certainly be there whenever you return!

      Travel author, Mary Beth Bond, whose website, gutsytraveler.com, is very popular with travelers, especially women, wrote,

 

            "(Travel has) taught me to give up control. It's deepened my sense of awe... It's made me deeply comfortable with myself."

 

        Mary Beth is a "gutsy traveler" because she has traveled around the world, alone. In order to do that, you must be very comfortable with yourself. The fact that many situations during a trip are beyond your control makes you realize that a loss of control is not necessarily dangerous, sometimes it is liberating. Nothing in my experience creates a greater sense of awe than some of Nature's wonders, like the Grand Canyon or the Li River, or some of man's incredible achievements, such as the Alhambra, or Mount Rushmore, or Michelangelo's David.

   American essayist, Agnes Repplier, once stated,

 

            "The impulse to travel is one of the hopeful symptoms of life."

 

           Ms Repplier has an interesting way of expressing the desire to travel, so common in people around the world. She sees life like a medical condition or syndrome, in which the urge to travel is one of the symptoms. Going further, she implies that it is a hopeful symptom, indicating that those who possess this "bug" are on the road to good health. It certainly has been a good sign for me.

      I'm not sure about the derivation of this quote. A google search reveals that O Povo is a Brazilian newspaper. Perhaps the statement comes from it.

 

            "Far away is only far away if you don't go there."

 

           Quite literally, this remark says that when you travel, the world seems smaller and places don't seem so far away. Many of us have negative and discouraging feelings about distant destinations and feel that they are almost impossible to reach, because they are so far away. These feelings diminish when you travel extensively and nothing seems "too far." Where I live, in Rhode Island, people tend to be very hesitant about traveling, even to the opposite end of this smallest state. This reluctance seems foolish to those of us who were born elsewhere, or who travel significantly, but it seems to be a common characteristic of native Rhode Islanders, so prevalent that the idea must have been ingrained in the population for many years. My advice is, work hard to overcome this reluctance and venture out to see the world.

     British author and explorer, Freya Stark, wrote,

 

            "Travel does what good novelists also do to the life of everyday, placing it like a picture in a frame or a gem in its setting, so that the intrinsic qualities are made more clear."

 

           This is a marvelous way of stating that travel is like a shot of adrenaline to the old routine, accentuating and highlighting our senses so that we see things in a new, more differentiated light. We are awakened to a fresh perspective and life itself becomes more meaningful.

   Author, Fred Wilcox, wrote the following:

 

          "For travel to be so delightful, one must have a good place to leave and return to."

 

        Another version of the same sentiment as the previous quotation, this much more explicit statement expresses that coming home helps to make a trip pleasant and fruitful.