India, one of the most populous nations in the world, is also one of the richest in terms of travel treasures. Indian civilization has been around for thousands of years and the wealth accumulated by its rulers is legendary. As a result, they built magnificent palaces and cities. Yet the country is also rich in natural beauty, from mountains, to jungles, to sea coast. Join me on a virtual tour of the best that India has to offer. Later, check out my photo album of these "great" sights.

 

     1. Taj Mahal, Agra

          The Taj Mahal, in Agra, India, is the most beautiful building in the world, and the greatest tribute to the power of love in the entire history of man. Its size, its symmetry, and its attention to detail have amazed visitors since its construction, in the seventeenth century. It was commissioned by Shah Jahan, on the death of his beloved and favorite wife, Mahal and serves as her tomb and memorial. The tomb itself is flanked by two mosques, one real and one erected just to preserve the symmetry and balance of the site.

         The sight of the Taj Mahal from a distance is awe-inspiring and unforgettable, yet a closer analysis reveals even more splendor. The intricacy of the stonework, the glory of the inlaid precious and semi-precious stones, and the extraordinary calligraphy, are truly magnificent.

         Visitors are advised to hire a knowledgeable guide who can explain the symbolism inherent in the building.

         Avoid a visit on Fridays when admission is free for Indians, because the crowds are even larger. The Taj is closed on Monday.

         While in Agra, there are several other sites which are essential stops for the tourist. They include the Agra Fort, a complex of palaces, halls, and gardens surrounded by fortifications, Sikandra, the Tomb of Akbar, perhaps the greatest of the Mughal emperors, Itimud-ud-Daulah’s Tomb, another tribute to the opulence and architecture of the period, and, finally, just (37 km or 23 miles) west of the city, Fatehpur Sikri, a ghost town, built in the 1500’s by Akbar, and subsequently abandoned.

 

      2. Delhi

         Delhi, India’s capital city, and one of the oldest cities in the world, is a paradox of old and new, of British (for many years, India was part of the British Empire) and Indian, of rich and poor. The sights of the city can be conveniently divided into three areas, Old Delhi (Shahjahanabad), a walled enclave with narrow streets now populated principally by Muslims, New Delhi, the more modern part of the city which features the elegant and very pompous architecture erected during the period of British rule, and, finally, South Delhi, the suburbs of the city, which house only one notable attraction, the Qutb Complex, with its 70 meter (235 foot) Victory Tower, begun in the 12th century.

        In Old Delhi, the major attractions are the Red Fort (Lal Qila), a huge complex built by Shah Jahan, Jama Masjid, the largest mosque in all of Asia, the colorful Chandni Chowk Bazaar, and Raj Ghat, a memorial to Mahatma Ghandi.

        Humayun’s Tomb, in New Delhi, was built by Shah Jahan’s great grandfather and is another great testament to love and its power. Also in the new city is the Qutb Minar Tower.

 

     3. Varanasi

        Varanasi, India, is, in the Hindu religion, the home of Shiva, and thus, one of the holiest sites in India. It lies along the sacred Ganges River, about 800 kilometers (500 miles) southeast of Delhi (see above). This is the “true” India, with nearly 100 bathing sites (ghats) along the riverbanks where pilgrims and devotees wade into the water to cleanse themselves (even though the river is one of the most polluted in the world). For these reasons, a boat trip down the Ganges at sunrise is a must. Note also the beautiful palaces and temples which line the river.

         Another worthwhile activity involves a visit to the Dashawamedh Ghat to witness the Ganga Fire Arti, a ritual of prayers and fire, accompanied by drums.

         Also worthy of a visit is Varanasi’s most significant temple, Kashi Vishwanath, which is devoted to Shiva. Buddha also visited this city, and, at the site of his preaching, Sarnath, the Dhamekh Stupa, built around 500 A.D., rises over 30 meters (100 feet) into the air.

 

      4. Ajanta & Ellora Caves

          The Ajanta & Ellora Caves, in the vicinity of Aurangabad, India, east of Bombay (Mumbai), are two of India’s premier attractions. Each can be accessed as a day trip from Aurangabad, or, if time does not permit, one long and arduous day is possible, since the sites are not that far apart. Both locations are UNESCO World Heritage Sites and deservedly so.

          The Ajanta Caves are Buddhist in origin and date to as early as the 2nd century B.C., although they were not completed until much later (some were never completed). There are a total of 29 caves, but plan to see only a few unless time is extremely flexible. The caves were hollowed out and decorated with murals and sculptures by Buddhist monks over 700 or so years, using very simple tools. The caves are numbered from east to west. The following are recommended stops because these particular caves offer some of the best examples of the beautiful artwork: Cave 1, with its exquisite murals and its huge Buddha; Cave 2, with beautifully painted ceilings in its inner sanctum; Cave 9, with its rounded windows; Cave 17, with its richly ornate doorway and extensive paintings; and Cave 26, with its reclining Buddha. Note that some of the caves require that footwear be removed, and that no photos are allowed inside the caves.

          Before (or after) visiting Ajanta, drive to the observation platform on the opposite side of the river to get the “big picture” of the entire site.

          The Ellora Caves are somewhat younger than those at Ajanta. Here there are 34 caves and they were created not only by Buddhist monks (Caves 1-12), but also Hindus (Caves 13-29) and Jains (Caves 30-34). Because of their different origins, visitors have an opportunity to compare the focus and approach of these different religions. Again, it is probably unwise to attempt to see all the caves, so the following are recommended as highlights: Cave 10, the “Carpenter’s Cave” with its Teaching Buddha; Cave 12, with beds and pillows carved from rock; Cave 15, the “Dasha Avatara Cave”, showing Shiva, the divine destroyer, riding in his chariot; Cave 16, the crowning achievement of Ellora, known as the Kailashanatha Temple, a huge complex with its intricate and extremely detailed sculptures; and Cave 32, one of the best representatives of the Jain style which is more ascetic and less elaborate.

 

     5. Udiapur, Rajastan

          Udiapur, Rajastan, India, is referred to as the “City of Dawn”. As a result of its location, sprawling along four lakes, and its gleaming white palaces, it exudes a feeling of romance and spirituality. Its City Palace, a huge (the largest of its kind in India) complex of palaces with cream-colored walls, also contains delightful courtyards and gardens. Of note, in the complex, are some beautiful mosaics, and Fateh Prakash, perhaps the prettiest of the palaces, and also a place to dine or have a snack at tea time.

          Lake Pichola, the largest of Udiapur’s lakes, has two islands, Jag Niwas, which is dominated by the lovely Lake Palace, now a hotel (and certainly the most romantic spot in the city), Jag Mandir, with its domed palace, Gul Mahal, which was featured in the James Bond movie, Octopussy, and Sahelion Ki Bari (Garden of the Maids of Honor).

          The old city, north of the City Palace, makes a pleasant stroll and visitors may want to stop at Jagdish Temple, which dates to the 1650’s.

          Udiapur makes a great base of operations for an exploration of the southern part of the province of Rajastan. Some recommended excursion destinations include the following: Ranakpur Temples, which are exquisitely crafted (about 70 km or 45 miles away); Kumbhalgarh Fort, with its 36 km (22 mile) walls and its Palace of Clouds (about 90 km or 55 miles away); Eklingji, a huge complex of some 100 temples (about 20 km or 14 miles away); Dungarpur Palaces, with its gorgeous frescoes (about 120 km or 75 miles south). More distant excursions, for instance, to Mount Abu and its Dilwara Temples, will probably require an overnight stay.

 

     6. Jaipur, Rajastan

          Jaipur, Rajastan, is in north central India and often included, with Agra (see #1 above) and Delhi (see #2 above), in what is called the Golden Triangle of tourist sights in India. Jaipur is known as the “Pink City” because of the color of the city walls (actually a terra-cotta color rather than pink). Actually the city is not particularly attractive and contains only one significant attraction, the City Palace, whose “Moon Palace” is still a residence, although the remainder of the complex is now a museum. Notable buildings include the Welcome Palace (Mubarek Mahal), the Armoury,with its excellent collection of weapons, the Hall of Public Audience (Diwan-i-Am), and the Hall of Private Audience (Diwan-i-Khas). Another intriguing sight, for those with an interest in science, is Jantar Mantar, an observatory built in the early 1700’s by Jai Singh, then emperor of the region.

         Just outside the city is the famous Amber Fort, about 11 kilometers (7 miles) north. Explore the complex of palaces, gardens, halls, and temples, especially the Mirror Palace (Sheesh Mahal) and the Sukh Mahal (Pleasure Palace).

         

      7. Jodhpur, Rajastan

           Jodhpur, the second largest city in Rajastan, India, has an extremely interesting, Medieval, old city, known as the “blue city” because all the buildings are painted the same shade of blue. It is very pleasant to walk, but the majority of sightseeing time in this city should be spent at the Mehrangarh Fort and Museum, built in 1459 and perhaps the most impressive in all of Rajastan, with its soaring walls (120 meters or 400 feet tall), which have never been breached and its great view of the city, and, secondly, at the Umaid Bhawan Palace, with its massive dome, now a hotel, built in the early twentieth century. 

          

       8. Amritsar

            Amritsar, India, is the location of India’s most beautiful, most spiritual, and most memorable temple, the Golden Temple. It is the focal core of the Sikh religion and has been for hundreds of years. It is located in the state of Punjab, in the northwestern part of the country, about 400 km (250 miles) from Delhi (see # 15 above).

           Inside the temple complex (to enter, visitors are required to leave their shoes, cover their heads, and wash their feet), witnessing a scripture-reading from the Sikh holy book, the Granth Sahib, is extremely impressive and moving (to see the devotion of the worshippers is awe-inspiring). Be sure to visit the Hari Mandir (Divine Temple), the gold-plated building which gives the temple its name, its silver gateway, the Darshani Deorhi, and the dining hall, Guru-ka-Langar, which feeds thousands daily.

 

       9. Khajuraho

            West of Varanasi, and a possible excursion from the city, is Khajuraho, a city 620 kilometers (385 miles) southeast of Delhi and 400 kilometers (240 miles) from Varanasi, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, noteworthy for its medieval Hindu temples which date from 950 - 1050 A.D. These temples are particularly famous because of their erotic sculptures. Of the original 80 or so temples, only 24 remain, spread out over an area of about 8 square miles. They were constructed by the Chandela (a group which ruled this area around 1000 A.D.) who were members of the Tantric cult of Buddhism, which preached that gratification of earthly desires is a step toward achieving liberation. Actually, only about 10% of the carvings could be considered erotic (many of them recalling the Kama Sutra), with most of the others portraying the daily lives of these Medieval people. However, there is no question that love is in the air here, and has been for over 1,000 years.

 

       10. The Northern States of Kashmir & Ladakh

             Unfortunately, this region, blessed with great natural beauty and, also, many interesting man-made structures, is involved in a border dispute with Pakistan, so is extremely volatile and dangerous to visit, Ladakh much less so than Kashmir. This is the southern edge of the Himalayas with its incredible mountain scenery.

      Canada is another country blessed with incredible natural beauty. It is fairly young, historically and culturally, so does not have ruins or ancient cities, but, rather, its cities are typically modern and well-planned. It is huge and, in some cases, fairly inaccessible, but the southern and coastal parts of the country are well worth the tourist's time and effort. Below are Canada's greatest attractions as I see them.

 

     1. Banff & the other National Parks of the Canadian Rockies, Alberta & British Columbia

          Banff National Park is located in the province of Alberta, among a cluster of national parks (with Jasper, Kootenay, and Yoho) which showcase the Canadian Rocky Mountains. The combination boasts some of the most magnificent accessible scenery in the world. Snow-covered mountain peaks surround teal blue lakes and crisp, cold rivers, attracting numerous types of wildlife and numerous tourists and adventurers. Banff, in particular, is Canada’s oldest national park (1885), and, with the other parks in the region, was rewarded with World Heritage Site status in 1984 and 1990.

          Headquarters for an exploration of these parks is the townsite of Banff, Alberta, which is nestled within the park in a valley surrounded by peaks which reach heights of 9000 -12,000 feet, and which offers lodging, restaurants, shops, and other services for the visitor. Some of the first tourists to the area were drawn to the bubbling thermal waters of “Cave” and “Basin” Springs, now a National Historic Site.

         Particular attractions within Banff National Park include Lake Louise, a spectacular turquoise blue lake formed by glacial melt. Visitors may stroll or boat around the lake, hike into the mountains, or take a gondola to an overlook to get an aerial view. At one end is the historic Fairmont Chateau Lake Louise, one of a number of hotels throughout Canada, built by the Canadian Railroad to entice tourists to Canada.

         Near Lake Louise is Moraine Lake, similar in many respects, but, in this case, occupying the Valley of the Ten Peaks. It is the grayish, glacial silt which contributes to the unusual and dramatic color of these lakes.

         Instead of taking the highway from Lake Louise to Banff, take Bow Valley Parkway, which almost guarantees wildlife sightings besides great scenery.

         Check out the Fairmont Banff Springs Hotel, which, like the Chateau Lake Louise, is a grand old hotel built by the Canadian Railroad.

         An excellent day trip from Banff is a scenic drive along the Icefields Parkway. The Icefields Parkway, is a spectacular 142 mile ( 300 km) highway which extends from the town of Lake Louise, northward to the town of Jasper, Alberta. This drive offers amazing views of the Canadian Rockies, waterfalls, lakes and glaciers. It is certainly one of the most beautiful scenic drives in the world. Along the route are numerous overlooks and trails. The road is extremely well-engineered and does not require tremendous mountain-driving skill. Plan to spend the entire day if the drive begins and ends in Banff or Jasper or Lake Louise, since the round-trip is almost 300 miles, and there are obligatory stops along the way to admire the scenery or for other activities.

          While on the Icefields Parkway, be sure to stop at Icefield Centre (at kilometer 127) and take a ride on a Snocoach out onto the Columbia Icefield. Visitors are allowed to get out and walk around on the glacier for an unforgettable experience.

          One of the most beautiful viewpoints on the Icefields Parkway leads to Peyto Lake (at kilometer 40).

          Jasper National Park, Alberta, lies to the north of Banff National Park and also offers spectacular mountain scenery and varied outdoor activities. The northern section of the Icefields Parkway lies within Jasper National Park and includes Athabasca Mountain and Athabasca Falls. The town of Jasper, Alberta is also interesting and is equipped to serve as a base of operations while exploring the park.

          Yoho National Park, British Columbia, is a small park which abuts Banff National Park. Like its neighbor, it preserves the splendor of the Canadian Rockies. There are guided tours of the Fossil Bed area and numerous hiking trails. Other activities are available at Emerald Lake. Be sure to see Takakkaw Falls, one of Canada’s highest at over 1200 feet.

          Kootenay National Park, British Columbia, along with Banff National Park, Jasper National Park, and Yoho National Park constitute a tribute to the magnificent Canadian Rockies, and all have been recognized as UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Kootenay adjoins Yoho to the north and Banff to the east. Like the others, this park offers dramatic mountain scenery and numerous outdoor activities. Of special note are Radium Hot Springs and the Paint Pots.

          Revelstoke, British Columbia, lies just west of Roger’s Pass, along the Trans-Canada Highway, which travels through Glacier National Park, another of Canada’s group of Mountain/Glacier areas, this time the Columbia Range, just west of the Rockies. Also nearby is Mount Revelstoke National Park, which, besides the usual mountain park activities, offers a scenic auto road to the summit.

          The village of Revelstoke is quaint with a western flavor and offers several eating and lodging opportunities.

 

      2. Niagara Falls, Ontario

           Niagara Falls is one of the most recognizable tourist locations in the world. It consists of two separate but connected waterfalls, one in the United States and the other in Canada. The Canadian, or Horseshoe Falls are, by far, the more spectacular. The American side of the falls has been developed for much longer, and, therefore, has a seedier, somewhat “honky-tonk” appearance. The Canadian side is much more subdued although many similar activities are offered in both places.

          For instance, the Canadian side offers Maid of the Mist boat tours which take the visitor right up to the base of the falls. Journey Behind the Falls gives the visitor access to areas behind the falls and to the base of the falls on land. The Whirlpool Aero Car is about 2 miles north of the falls and precariously suspends visitors over a portion of the Niagara River.

          Other activities include a stroll through Queen Victoria Park which is beautifully landscaped and offers great views of the falls, and the IMAX Theater which offers the presentation, “Niagara, Miracles, Myths and Magic”. The film provides a wonderful orientation to and background about the area.

          Be sure to see the Falls at night -- they are lighted with ever-changing colors.

          Although the food is nothing to brag about and is expensive, the Skylon Tower offers spectacular views of the falls from its revolving restaurant, almost 800 feet above the falls.

 

      3. Quebec City, Quebec

          Quebec City, Quebec, offers an opportunity to sample Europe without leaving the North American continent. The Old Town has the look and feel of a Medieval European walled city. French is the main and sometimes only language spoken -- residents and business people are very proud of their French heritage (the province has actually contemplated seceding from Canada numerous times).

          Quebec is old by North American standards -- 1608 -- and has been the site of much history in the struggle between the English and the French. In fact, the city eventually fell to the British in 1759, and has remained a part of the British Empire even to the present.

          Quebec has become a major tourist destination because of all the above, its history and reminders of Europe, as well as the fact that the Old Town is extremely walkable and accessible and has become a Mecca for artists and craftspeople.

          The Chateau Frontenac dominates the skyline of the Upper Town. Next to it, along the cliffs which established Quebec as a great location and made it fairly easy to fortify, is the Dufferin Terrace, which offers spectacular vistas of the Lower Town and of the St Lawrence River just beyond. The Terrace connects to the Promenade des Gouverneurs, which is a walkway that leads to Battlefield Park. There is also a Funicular which brings the visitor to Lower Town and avoids the numerous stairs.

          The Citadel is one of two official residences of the Governor-General of Canada, and was built on the site of Quebec’s original fortifications. Entry is via the St Louis gate.

          In the Lower Town, the quaint streets and shops provide more ambience. In particular, Place Royale is the gathering spot and also the scene of numerous events over the course of the year.

          While in the Quebec area, visit Montmorency Falls which, although very nice and fairly tall (at about 270 feet), do not rival Niagara Falls (see #2 above), despite any signs to the contrary.

          Also worth a visit is the Basilica of Ste-Anne-de-Beaupre which has been a pilgrimage location for Catholics for many years.

 

      4. Montreal, Quebec

          Montreal, Quebec, Canada’s second largest city, is a major all season destination because of its cosmopolitan nature, its major, international recurrent events, such as its International Music Competition (mid-May to early-June), the Montreal International Jazz Festival (late-June to mid-July), its World Film Festival (late-Aug to early-Sep), its world-class museums, and numerous other activities and attractions.

          Like many of the major cities of the world, Montreal is a cluster of ethnic neighborhoods which add their flavors and culture to the overall landscape. Vieux Montreal (Old Montreal) is an area near the old port which has preserved the historic buildings and some of the culture of the early city. This area is ideal for walking and several of the squares (places) have outdoor dining establishments and shops. Of special note in this area of the city is the Basilica of Notre Dame, a glorious church with a beautiful, blue interior, which offers not only guided tours but also an evening “sound and light show”.

         Other notable attractions include Olympic Park, remnants of the 1976 Summer Olympics, which harbors Montreal Tower and the Montreal Biodome, among other things.

         Montreal’s Botanical Gardens are extensive and well-maintained and their pathways offer an escape from the hustle and bustle of the city. These gardens even include an Insectarium.

         Visitors to the city should prepare for a visit by brushing up on French, since the official language of the province is French, and the ongoing controversy between Anglophiles and Francophiles has created a noticeable division of the city in this regard. Some establishments will speak and write only in French while others are more accommodating.

 

      5. Toronto, Ontario

            Toronto, Ontario, is Canada’s largest city, and, as might be expected, has an extensive variety of attractions. Perhaps the most impressive is the CN Tower, considered the tallest free-standing structure in the world, at 1,815 feet. The views from the Observation Deck (1,465 ft) are stunning. On a clear day the observer may see Niagara Falls (or at least the spray from the falls) and the city of Buffalo, New York. The city lies on Lake Ontario and marinas and docks line the shore. Beside the CN Tower is the Toronto Skydome, home of the Toronto Blue Jays, a major league baseball team.

            Ontario Place, which also lies along a section of shoreline, is basically an amusement park/city park whose major venues are enclosed in modernistic pods suspended over the lake. A tremendous variety of activities are available from water rides to miniature golf to an IMAX theater. There is even an amphitheater which offers outdoor concerts.

            Here in winter and the temperature outside is in the single digits? Don’t worry!

            The Path, accessed from a number of well-marked, above ground locations, provides visitors and residents with shops, restaurants, hotels, and entertainment without ever being exposed to Toronto’s frigid cold. It is virtually an underground city with over 15 miles of tunnels.

            Toronto has a number of city parks, some along the Lake Ontario shoreline, which provide inviting locations for a picnic and to admire the city’s skyline.

 

      6. Victoria & Vancouver, British Columbia

            Victoria, the capital of British Columbia, is located at the southeastern tip of Vancouver Island. The city is equidistant from Seattle, Washington, and the city of Vancouver, on the British Columbia mainland. There are ferries which carry visitors to and from Victoria from either location. Victoria is a quintessential British city and is a delight to walk, especially around the Parliament Buildings which are regal and impressive, and throughout the area which includes Thunderbird Park, a spot that contains a number of totem poles recalling Victoria’s far distant past.

            Also in Victoria is the Royal British Columbia Museum and the nearby Crystal Gardens. To the north of the city, in the community of Brentwood Bay are the world-famous Butchart Gardens.

           The Royal British Columbia Museum is a great starting point for an exploration of Vancouver Island and British Columbia, in general. It documents the history of the province, the ecology of the environment, and the culture of the native inhabitants, with artifacts and displays. The Main Street Exhibit details what life was like in the city in the 19th century. Other exhibits inform visitors about the explorers, primarily from Europe, who discovered and eventually settled the province. There is even a National Geographic IMAX Theater on site.

          Butchart Gardens, in the town of Brentwood Bay, not far from Victoria, has numerous landscaped and flowering gardens and is open year round (winter brings holiday lights in place of the flowers). On the grounds, a former limestone quarry, are Japanese Gardens, a Rose Garden, ponds and statuary.

          Just across the Strait of Georgia from Victoria is the vibrant city of Vancouver. Vancouver is a thoroughly modern, clean, and prosperous urban center as well as an important Pacific Ocean port. Its setting, between the Pacific Ocean and British Columbia’s majestic Coastal Range, is magnificent. Most of the major attractions of the city are located along the waterfront. Canada Place, which was the Canadian pavilion for the World Fair, held in the city in 1986, has come to symbolize this emerging superstar. Also along the waterfront is Stanley Park, one of the world’s best urban parks. There are also world-class museums, and several distinct neighborhoods, particularly Chinatown, which should be experienced. Vancouver is also an embarkation point for numerous cruise ships which explore the nearby Alaskan Inside Passage.

          Pacific Rim National Park, on the southwestern shore of Vancouver Island, northwest of Victoria, provides great views of the Pacific Ocean and numerous offshore islands, with their sea lions, seals, and seabirds. Extremely varied habitats can be explored, from tidal marshes to sandy beaches to rain forests to rocky headlands with small offshore islands. Perhaps the most significant hiking trail is the West Coast Trail which extends some 77 km (48 miles), but is for experienced hikers only.

 

      7. Cabot Trail & Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia

          The Cabot Trail, which traverses the coastline of Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, and also crosses the highlands of its interior, is another of Canada’s spectacular scenic drives. Entry and exit points for the drive are near the city of Baddeck. The drive can be started either on the east or west side of Cape Breton. Visitors should note that the larger Visitor Center is on the western side of the drive, at Cheticamp. The southerly parts of the drive are not particularly special, but the northerly sections provide not only spectacular scenery but steep climbs and hairpin turns as well. This upper section is within the boundaries of the Cape Breton Highlands National Park, which extends from Ingonish on the east to Cheticamp on the west. Also within the park are numerous trails or hikes, scenic overlooks, and several villages and detours to explore.

          Not far from the eastern entrance to the Cabot Trail, actually on the eastern coast of Cape Breton is the Fortress of Louisbourg National Historic Site. This wonderful open air museum allows visitors to embark on a journey back in time to a French colonial city in the year 1744. Much of the original settlement has been restored and costumed residents provide information about the times and their particular station in life. Demonstrations and exhibits reveal the practices of the time and visitors are even invited to sample the food of the era. Shuttle buses provide transport from the Visitor Center which offers information and displays concerning Louisbourg. Guided tours are offered in English and in French.

         The King’s Bastion is a must-see location on the site. It was the royal residence and the Governor’s quarters are about as posh and elegant as the colony could muster. Many of the homes and other buildings are not only open, but they function as they might have long ago.

 

      8. Waterton-Glacier Independence Peace Park (with USA)

          Waterton-Glacier Independence Peace Park is an international effort by Canada and the USA to combine two national parks, in close proximity to one another, together into one joint enterprise. It emphasizes the ability of these two nations, who share a 3000+ mile border, to work cooperatively. The entry into Waterton Lakes National Park in Alberta, Canada is about 50 miles north of Glacier National Park in Montana, USA. The two parks share a common boundary, and both parks preserve the same type of geology and wildlife, so it is quite logical that they make connections. While in Waterton Lakes, stop at the famous Prince of Wales Hotel, which harkens to an earlier time when grandiose hotels in special locations were the rule in Canada.

          Similar outdoor activities are available at both parks and, due to their proximity, both can be incorporated into a trip to the area.

 

      9. Halifax & Vicinity, Nova Scotia

          Halifax, Nova Scotia, is a delightful city that makes the visitor feel that it is a small town. It became prosperous because of its harbor and access to the Atlantic Ocean, and this attribute has been lovingly exploited with the development of its waterfront. There are boardwalks and shops and restaurants, as well as boating opportunities and museums. The visitor may stroll many blocks, adjacent to the downtown area without worrying about traffic.

          Besides the waterfront area, there are neighborhoods to explore and historic properties to check out. For instance, at the top of the hill which slopes steeply down to the harbor, the Halifax Citadel National Historic Site presides over the city. The fortress was built in the early 1800’s to protect the city and its harbor. There are restored rooms and exhibits to explore, and demonstrations, especially in the summertime. There are also great views of the city and harbor from the ramparts.

         Near the Citadel are the Halifax Public Gardens, an oasis of greenery and flowers just minutes from the city’s high rise office buildings. Numerous paths allow access to many different types of trees and plantings. Ponds and sculptures add to the ambiance. Most importantly, this attraction is free! Walking tours of the downtown area are available at the Visitor Centers.

         There are a number of excellent excursions which are available from Halifax. For instance, a drive along the Lighthouse Route takes the visitor to Peggy’s Cove, the quintessential provincial fishing village. Its lighthouse occupies a dramatic location on a prominent jetty of weathered boulders. A few shops and restaurants complete the scene. There is a visitor center which offers information about the geology and a map of the area. A short walk from there brings the visitor to the lighthouse area.

         Just opposite the Visitor Center at Peggy’s Cove is the William E Garth Memorial Park which displays a beautiful sculpture in granite begun by the namesake when he was 70 years old, and subsequently completed after his death in 1988. The sculpture depicts fishermen and their families.

         Further south along the route is Lunenburg, Nova Scotia, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, which preserves a typical British colonial settlement of the 1700’s. Obtain a map and walking tour of the town at the Visitor Center and stroll the streets, admiring the restoration of the many vintage homes and buildings. A few of the notable sights along the walk include the Lunenburg Academy, recently restored and still in use, and the beautiful and unusual St John’s Anglican Church. Walk along the harbor and enjoy a lunch, dinner or a drink in one of the waterfront restaurants or take a boat ride. For much of the year, Lunenburg is the home of The Bluenose, probably the most famous schooner in the world.

         Just north of Lunenburg is the community of Mahone Bay which is a beautiful and tranquil example of a classic Nova Scotia seaside village.

         For great views and photos of Lunenburg, travel out of town toward the golf course which faces the harbor. Just before the entrance, are picnic tables along a causeway which offer unobstructed views of the harbor. Go up the hill to the right of the picnic tables for a view from above.

 

      10. Hopewell Rocks & Bay of Fundy National Park, New Brunswick

           Hopewell Rocks, New Brunswick, are the symbol of the province, seen on all its advertisements, and a fitting tribute to the Bay of Fundy which boasts the highest tides on earth. The rocks themselves are basically sea stacks which are partly covered during high tide, but are totally exposed during low tide. The literature invites visitors to “walk on the ocean floor”. A well maintained trail leads to a metal stairway down to the water. Time your visit to coincide with low tide or 3 hours before or after to be able to walk out to the rocks. They are often referred to as “flower pot rocks” because of vegetation which grows on their tops. The road into the area also showcases the tremendous tidal heights because large areas of land are exposed at low tide.

           St John, New Brunswick, is a thriving port on the Bay of Fundy which offers the visitor historic walks and a pedestrian waterfront area bustling with restaurants, concerts and other activities. It is ideal as a staging area for visits to Fundy National Park and Hopewell Rocks.

           Between St John and Hopewell Rocks is Fundy National Park. This area in New Brunswick showcases the largest tides in the world with hiking trails, beaches and viewpoints, as well as many other activities. Route 114 provides auto access to the park’s regions.

 

      11. Prince Edward Island

           Prince Edward Island, the smallest of Canada’s provinces, is located within the Gulf of St Lawrence, off the northern coast of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. There is access to the island from the mainland by a bridge, the Confederation Bridge, from Cape Tormentine, NB, and by ferry. The island is quaint and largely agrarian (potatoes are the most important crop) and a trip to the island is all about drives. The center or Queens section can be explored via the Blue Heron Drive, which begins and ends in Charlottetown, the provincial capital, with its elegant wooden buildings, gaslights and Canada’s oldest drugstore. This drive is the most popular since it evokes memories of and visits sites associated with the book, Anne of Green Gables, about an young, orphan girl. The house itself can be visited as well as other settings mentioned in the book, particularly Avonlea Village, which has preserved the schoolhouse where Lucy Maud Montgomery, the author, taught, the church she attended, etc. This route also can be used to explore Prince Edward Island National Park, which preserves much of the best beachfront on the Gulf of St Lawrence.

           The eastern section of the island is accessible along the King’s Byway, while the major route on the west is known as Lady Slipper Drive.

 

      12. Newfoundland

           Newfoundland, the easternmost province in Canada, and, in fact the easternmost location in North America, is actually closer to Ireland than it is to Toronto. It is a totally different world from the rest of Canada because of its isolation, yet its capital, St John’s, is one of the oldest cities in North America. Its economic importance lies in its proximity to the Grand Banks, the most important fishery in the Atlantic Ocean. Newfoundland was first settled by the Vikings (they called it “Markland”), but these settlements did not survive, paving the way for Europeans. The island is huge, more than three times the size of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island combined. A car and plenty of time is definitely needed to see much of the island.

           St John’s is located at the easternmost tip of the island, and is closer to France than it is to Nova Scotia. Of note in the city is Signal Hill Park, which was the location where the first transatlantic message was received by Marconi, although its name was derived from the fact that flags on this hill were used to signal villagers that ships were approaching the harbor.

           Gros Morne National Park lies along the west coast of Newfoundland, and boasts numerous fjords. It is best experienced by boats which are available in the town of Western Brook. This park has a plethora of wildlife, including caribou and moose on land and whales, seals, and occasionally polar bears on the water. Its geology, shaped by plate tectonics and glaciers, is so significant that it was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987. Hiking and fishing are two of the most popular park activities.

 

      13. Calgary, Alberta

            Calgary, Alberta, a former cattle town, has become a modern city. Its proximity to Banff National Park (see #1 above) and the Canadian Rockies has assisted its development and modernization. The Calgary Tower, for instance, offers views to the mountains from its perch, over 600 feet above the ground. Calgary is a pedestrian-friendly city. The Steven Avenue Walk offers people an area to stroll, shop, eat or drink without automobile interference. The “plus-15’s”, an elevated (hence the name) walk which connects many of the city’s buildings allows visitors the chance to stroll much of the city no matter what the weather is like outside.

            There are also numerous museums for those so-inclined. In addition, the Canada Olympic Park, constructed for Calgary’s hosting of the 1988 Winter Olympics, has become a major sports activity venue for residents and visitors alike.

 

      14. Ottawa, Ontario

            Ottawa, Ontario is the capital of Canada. As such, it is the center of government, although this city formerly known as Bytown, surprised the world and all of Canada when it was chosen. It lies along the Ottawa River in eastern Ontario about 160 kilometers (100 mi) west of Montreal. The most impressive sights in the city are the Parliament Building and the Art-deco Supreme Court Building which lie along the river. There is even a ceremonial Changing of the Guard, daily, during the summer months at 10:00 A.M. The river itself gives the city a pleasant ambience. In the winter, there is skating on the Rideau Canal, while, in the summer, the canal is filled with boats and canoes. There are many world-class museums in the city and the Arts also flourish here.

            Other interesting attractions include the Notre Dame Cathedral Basilica, and the nearby Royal Canadian Mint.

 

      15. Edmonton, Alberta

            Edmonton, Alberta, is the provincial capital and has grown into a modern city despite its remoteness, just east of Jasper National Park, (see #1 above). It is located in the valley of the Saskatchewan River and the riverbanks have been exploited through the creation of an urban park system which is the envy of many similar-sized cities.

            Fort Edmonton Park, which claims to be Canada’s largest open-air museum, illustrates several of the most important periods in the history of the city. The West Edmonton Mall is positively huge and includes, besides shopping, the Galaxyland Amusement Park, which offers an incredible variety of entertainment opportunities, such as water rides, roller-coasters, and even an NFL-sized ice rink.

        

      South America is blessed with incredible natural beauty as well as some interesting historical sights. There are also many fascinating cities and towns which can be explored by the tourist. Unfortunately, there are some drawbacks as well: some countries are somewhat unstable politically, and safety is a definite consideration when traveling here. Poverty also abounds. 

       Here are my favorite travel sights on the continent, in order according to my ranking.

 

      1. Macchu Picchu, Peru

             Machu Picchu, Peru, is an Incan ceremonial and perhaps administrative city, located high (2,350 meters or 7,700 feet) in the Andes, 120 kilometers (70 miles) northwest of Cusco (see below), which was only rediscovered for the world in 1911. It probably dates to the 1400’s but archaeologists are unsure. The ruins of this “Lost City of the Incas” are now one of the most popular tourist sights in South America. Throughout any visit to this place, tourists should make note of the precision stonework, always done without mortar.

            The majority of visitors reach the site by taking a train from Cusco to the village of Aguas Calientes, the closest town to the attraction, then taking a bus. The adventuresome can walk the ancient “Inca Trail”.

            The “farming” section of the ruins is usually the first thing the visitor sees. There are the remains of several buildings and terraces. At the high end of one of the terraces is the Watchman’s Post, which offers the typical view of Machu Picchu seen in postcards and photos. Nearby Funerary Rock was probably used for the preparation of mummies and perhaps also had an astronomical purpose.

            In the “Urban” section of the city, visitors will find the Street of Fountains (no longer spouting water), the Temple of the Sun, the main solar observatory of the site, which also contains the Royal Tomb and the Priest’s Enclosure. Also in this region are several housing ruins, one known as the Royal Group and another called the Superior Group. Near the latter is what remains of the Main City Gate. Also in this vicinity is the Quarry, a pile of stones which were awaiting their incorporation into future buildings and other structures.

           West of the Quarry is the Sacred Plaza which contains the Main Temple and the Temple of Three Windows. Climb the stairway to Sacred Hill, then down another stairway to Sacred Rock. Beyond this is the Main Plaza, the largest open area at the site and probably the site for various religious rites and gatherings.

           Another worthwhile place to explore is the Temple of the Condor. There are also several walks, popular with visitors while at the site. One of these leads to the Incan Bridge and another, more strenuous walk leads to the top of Huayna Picchu, a mountain overlooking the city which rewards climbers with perhaps the best view of the entire site, but allow 2-3 hours for the latter and realize that the trail may be treacherous after a rain.

 

        2. Galapagos Islands, Ecuador

             The Galapagos Islands, which lie approximately 600 miles (almost 1000 kilometers) west of Ecuador, are the legendary home to some of the most bizarre creatures on the planet. They are famous as the open-air laboratory of Charles Darwin and were extremely instrumental in his development of the Theory of Evolution, which he published in his landmark work, Origin of Species, in 1859.

             The best way to get to the islands is by air from Quito, Ecuador (see #38 below), which offers daily flights, then joining a boat-tour which offers accommodations aboard. There are 13 major islands, although Darwin only visited four of them. Visitors must adhere to very strict rules, as a result of monumental conservation efforts by the Ecuadorian government to protect and preserve this sanctuary. The animals are not afraid of man, probably because of the remoteness of the islands, and their trusting behavior, allowing people to approach closely, is one of the reasons that they must be protected.

            The largest island, Isabela, is known primarily for its population of Giant Tortoises, those plant-eating, long-lived curiosities which so-fascinated Darwin.

            On Santiago Island there are hundreds of inky-black Marine Iguanas, which loll on the rocks of the coast, then dive into the water to feed on algae.

            One of the reasons that the islands exhibit so many examples of evolution is because there are significant ecological differences among the islands which have created a wide variety of habitats that the creatures have adapted to. Consider the famous finches. Darwin surmised that one species of finch which arrived, by accident, from the mainland evolved over time into 13 different species, with different beaks, different food sources, etc.

            These islands are home to 6 species of mammals, some 28 species of birds, and almost 20 species of reptiles which are found nowhere else in the world. Some of them, besides the ones already mentioned, include the Blue-footed Booby, the Waved Albatross, and the Galapagos Sea Lion.

 

       3. Iguacu Falls, Brasil/Argentina

            Iguacu Falls, Brazil/Argentina, is the premier waterfall in all the world. It is much larger and more impressive than Niagara, and, even though Victoria Falls in Africa is larger, it is almost always shrouded in mist and difficult to see. The falls are 1350 kilometers (840 miles) from Buenos Aires (see #19 below) and approximately 1600 kilometers (1000 miles) from Rio de Janeiro (see #4 below), so driving is not recommended. There are airports on both the Brazilian and Argentine sides of the falls and there are buses or cabs available between the two countries.

            The falls complex is absolutely huge. There are actually almost 300 separate falls with an incredible amount of water dropping over 200 feet (70 meters). The length of the falls is over 2.4 kilometers (1.5 miles).

            The best panoramic views of the falls are from the Brazil side, in the Parque Nacional Foz do Iguacu, accessible from the town of Iguacu Falls. From the Visitor Center, take a shuttle bus and get off at the Macuco Safari stop if the thrill of riding a motorboat to the base of the falls is part of the plan (passengers may get wet!). The next stop is the Hotel das Cataratas, the most important stop since it allows access to the Cataratas Trail, a 1.5 km (1 mile) walkway, which provides incredible views of the Argentine falls. The paved walkway ends at the base of Floriano Falls, where a catwalk allows the courageous or perhaps foolhardy to experience the full power of the falls and also to get a glimpse of the Garganta do Diablo (Devil’s Throat), the horseshoe-shaped end of the falls. From the end of the walkway, there is an elevator which brings visitors to the top of the falls and to the Porto Canoas complex, which has a souvenir shop, and a snack bar with terraces overlooking the falls (fantastic place to grab a bite with a view). Other activities are also available, such as helicopter rides, hikes, etc.

            The Argentine side of the falls provides a more up-close-and-personal experience. Once again, the falls are within a national park, Parque Nacional Iguazu, which, like its Brazilian neighbor, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. From the Visitor Center, take the Sendero Verde (Green Path) which leads to the beginning of the Upper and Lower trails.

             The Circuito Superior (Upper Trail) takes the visitor a distance of approximately 1 kilometer (½ mile) along the falls, affording great views. Look for the swallows who nest on the ledges behind the curtains of water.

             The Circuito Inferior (Lower Trail) brings the visitor down numerous steep stairs to the base of the falls. Note the Penon de Bella Vista (Rock of the Beautiful View). The last section of this trail affords views of the Garganta del Diablo (see above) and provides access to a pier where a boat carries the visitor to Isla San Martin, an island at the base of the falls with majestic views.

             Besides the walks, visitors can take the Jungle Train (Tren de la Selva) which stops at Devil’s Throat where a platform allows visitors to peer down into the horseshoe-shaped gorge, the main falls area.

 

        4. Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

             Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, presents an image which is one of the most recognized in the world -- Copacabana Beach and Ipanema Beach, closed in by skyscrapers, with Sugarloaf Mountain looming overhead, and, behind and looking over the city at the Corcovado, the outstretched arms of Christ the Redeemer (Cristo Redentor). What an incredible panorama!

             This calm, magnificent setting is juxtaposed with a scary reputation for lawlessness and crime, especially directed at tourists. What is a potential visitor to think? Actually, the consolation seems to be that the crime aspect is being addressed, although no one should think the problem has been solved. Also there are things a tourist can do to minimize the danger. For instance, take taxis instead of buses, try not to look affluent (wearing expensive jewelry), and certainly stick to places where there is a police presence, if possible.

             First of all, attend to the views. Take the cable car to the top of Sugarloaf, which, at 1296 feet (430 meters) offers a great look, for orientation purposes, at Guanabara Bay and the city beyond. Rides leave from the Praca General Tiburico every half hour. There is a required stop at Morro de Urca which also offers excellent views, before proceeding to the mountain top.

             A second classic view of Rio comes from the Corcovado, northwest of the Centro in the Cosme Velho neighborhood, and accessed by a narrow-gauge railroad or by bus. The classic view at the top of the 2300 foot (750 meter) peak is breath-taking. The 100 foot (32 meter) statue, Cristo Redentor, presiding over this glorious domain is also impressive.

            The third important view of Rio is from the beach looking outward toward Sugarloaf. Perhaps the best vantage point for this famous image is from Copacabana Beach, a beautiful 2 mile (3.2 km) stretch of sand lined with a landscaped sidewalk, cafes, and hotels.

            The second great beach, made famous in the song, The Girl From Ipanema, is Ipanema Beach, another incredible 2 mile (3.2 km) strand where the “beautiful people” come to play. There are volleyball and “Footvollei”, the same game but without hands, and vendors selling everything from beers to bikinis. Sundays are especially crowded when the Avenida Veira Souto which parallels the beach is closed to traffic. There is also great shopping in the vicinity.

            Other worthwhile attractions in the city include the Jardim Botanico (Botanical Garden) which is on the outskirts of the city, in the Lagoa neighborhood. It offers some peace and tranquility in a fairly intense destination. Some buildings of note are the unusual Catedral Metropolitano, the Ilha Fiscal, the exquisite blue-green ceramic, castle-like custom house, located on an island belonging to the Navy in Guanabara Bay (the Navy offers tours), and the Palacio Gustavo Capenema, which is a good example of the Modernist movement in architecture.

           City squares of note include Cinelandia (Praca Floriano), the location of Rio’s Opera House (Teatro Municipal), one of the city‘s most striking buildings, and Largo do Machado, which is the site of Igreja Matriz de Nossa Senhora da Gloria, an interesting looking church. (Check with hotel staff about safety in these areas before going)

           For a markedly different experience in this big city, take a cab to Parque Nacional da Tijuca (Tijuca National Park), an urban rain forest which offers hiking, wildlife and an accessible waterfall.

           Of course, Rio is world-famous for its elaborate Carnaval celebration whose activities, parades, etc., consume the four (4) days prior to the start of the Christian sacrificial period of Lent.

           Continue north beyond Ipanema Beach and past Leblon Beach, then up into the hills to the Parque Penhasco Dois Irmaos to find Mirante de Setimo Ceu (Seventh Heaven Lookout) for another picture postcard view of the city and its environs.

           A great excursion from Rio which involves a minimum of two (2) days is to the well-preserved hilltop town of Ouro Preta. The trip is about 300 miles (480 km) north from the city, and there are also buses available. The city is a marvel of elaborate Baroque architecture, and, although the streets are steep, a delight to explore by foot, as beautiful buildings await the visitor on virtually every turn. Especially magnificent are the city’s churches, many of which are adorned with the sculpture and stonework of Ouro Preta’s favorite son, artist Aleijadinho.

           A few of the must-see churches include Sao Francisco de Asis, with its exquisite pulpits, altars, and baptismal font, Nossa Senhora do Rosario, the simple and unusual “slave church”, and Matriz da NS do Pilar, with its numerous gilded angels and other figures.

 

      5. Easter Island, Chile

           Easter Island (Rapa Nui), Chile, lies far from other civilizations, about 2000 miles (over 3000 kilometers) from the Chilean mainland and about 2500 miles (4000 km) from Tahiti. It is world-famous for its many, huge, stone statues, known as the Moai, which are found scattered over the countryside near the coast or neatly in rows. The entire island and its inhabitants are shrouded in mystery. For instance, there is disagreement as to where the Rapa Nui came from. Some scholars think they are Peruvian, while others are convinced that the people are Polynesian.

           No one seems to know why these monoliths were constructed, except that they probably have a ceremonial purpose. Natives use the term Ahu to refer to the flat stone pedestal on which the Moai stand, and the same term seems to mean “ceremonial site”. They are incredibly large and, considering the rudimentary tools which were available when they were erected (probably between 1400 and 1600 AD), must have been extremely difficult to carve and then to move to their desired location. The figures are an average of 13 feet (4 meters) tall and weigh about 14 tons. Archaeologists have counted as many as 887 of them around the island.

          Another mystery surrounds the virtual extinction of the island people. Theories suggest that the population rose to approximately 10,000, exceeding the carrying capacity of the small island. These events plus their frenzy to build more and more Moai, caused the tribe to deplete the forests and other natural resources, which, in turn, caused them to resort to cannibalism in their attempts to survive. Thus, a civilization which immigrated to this uninhabited island in about 400 AD was reduced to a population of about 200 at the turn of the 20^th century.

          Getting to the island is somewhat difficult due to its remote location, but there are daily flights from Santiago, Chile. Easter Island is, fittingly, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Getting around the island, since the Moai are spread out, may also be a challenge.

 

      5. Torres del Paine, Chile

           Parque Torres del Paine, in the very southern part of mainland Chile, is a monument to the action of glaciers. This region has been scoured by these slowly-moving sheets of ice and snow, leaving only the most resistant rock, in the form of ash-grey towers or Torres. This incredibly scenic area of mountains and lakes of gorgeous shades of blue and green is also well-known for its wildlife. One will likely see Guanacos (similar to llamas), Nandus (like ostriches), numerous birds of prey, particularly condors, and many other creatures.

           The only way to experience the park is on foot, and there are many trails available, however, quite a few involve overnight stays in the wilderness. A few of the shorter hikes include the trail to Glacier Gray, an easy walk from the lodges to a boat ride across a lake, punctuated with icebergs, to the glacier itself.

           Another longer walk is part of The W which leads to the Mirador Las Torres, perhaps the finest view of the famous towers. This walk begins at the Hosteria Las Torres. Note that there are sleeping accommodations within the park, called Refugios, but these should be reserved in advance.

 

      6. Angel Falls & Grand Sabana, Venezuela

            Angel Falls and the Gran Sabana are located in the southeast part of Venezuela. They are found within the Parque Nacional Canaima. This area has an extremely unusual topography, with wide, expansive table-top mountains (Tepuis) and giant waterfalls, of which Angel Falls is the highest. These falls tumble 2,647 feet (almost 900 meters) from Auyantepuy Mesa. The entire region is known as the Gran Sabana and can be accessed by four-wheel-drive vehicles from either Ciudad Bolivar or Ciudad Guayana, an excursion which takes three to four days, or by a lengthy and difficult trek through the jungle, or by air from Caracas or either of the two towns mentioned above.

 

       7. Cusco, Peru

            Cusco was the capital of the Incan Empire which lasted, roughly, from the 11^th century to the 16^th, meeting its demise in the person of Spanish conquistador, Francisco Pizarro in 1536. The city was known to the Incas as “The Navel of the World”, with the word, navel, implying center. Much of today’s city is built upon the stonework of the master Incan masons who had constructed many temples and other structures in the city.

            The heart of the city can be found in the Plaza de Armas, which contains the Cathedral, a baroque masterpiece whose high altar is made of solid silver. Note also the exceptional woodwork of the retablo and the beautiful choir stalls and pulpit. Also on this plaza is La Compania de Jesus, built on the foundation of the palace of Inca ruler, Huayna Capac, which has a lovely symmetry on the outside and fine artwork inside.

            Another important church, because of its association with an ancient Incan structure, is Santo Domingo. It was built on the walls of the Incan Temple of the Sun, the Qoricancha.

           There are many examples of Colonial architecture in the city which can be revealed through a stroll around the city center. Be sure to wander in the Barrio de San Blas, to the northeast, which is known as the “District of the Artists”.

           Walk or take a cab to the Sacsayhuaman, on a hill to the north of the city center, which was thought to be an Incan fortress but is now more likely considered to be a ceremonial site. Here there are numerous examples of the precision stonework for which the Incas are so well known.

 

        9. Amazon River Cruise, Brasil

              The Amazon River is the largest river in the world. It travels from Lake Lauricocha in the Peruvian Andes all the way to the Atlantic Ocean, a distance of almost 4,200 miles (almost 7,000 kilometers). For much of its length it is surrounded by dense Tropical Rain Forest. Its width ranges from about a mile (1.5 km) to about 35 miles (55 km) and has a depth of over 150 feet (50 meters) for much of its course in Brazil. To experience the Amazon and to get a cursory look at the Rain Forest, tourists should take a River Cruise.

              Most cruises of this type leave from the river port of Manaus, in the middle of the Amazon Basin, and a 5 hour flight from either Rio de Janeiro (see #4 above) or Sao Paulo. There are a variety of boats and a variety of tour packages to choose from but most people opt for a 3 or 4-day excursion, sleeping aboard the boat. Most will include exploration of some side channels, fishing for Piranha, and Caiman-spotting.

             There are also lodges in the vicinity of Manaus which provide accommodations and day or night excursions either on the river or into the rain forest.

 

       10. Cartagena, Colombia

              Cartagena, Colombia, a coastal community on the Caribbean Sea, dates to 1533 and is noted for its magnificent city walls and numerous fortifications. The Ciudad Marmalade (“walled city”) should be the focus of any visit. The compact Old Town is ideal for walking. Wander through the Barrio San Diego (in the northern part of the old town) whose military storerooms, Las Bovedas (The Vaults), have been transformed into crafts shops.

              El Centro contains the Catedral, with a colorful bell tower, gold-plated altar and marble pulpit, the Plaza de Bolivar, with a statue of the hero as well as the striking Palacio de la Inquisicion. Since this was the area of town inhabited by the wealthy, there are a number of interesting homes, particularly in the area of the Santo Domingo church. There are many other noteworthy sights within the inner city. The best thing to do is just wander the narrow streets as well as the walls themselves.

             Just outside the old town, across the Puente Heredia, visitors will find the most important fortification in the city, the Castillo de San Felipe de Barajas, another fort, the Fortress of San Fernando, and a hill, the Cerro de la Popa which provides wonderful views of the town and harbor.

 

       11. Salvador, Brasil

              Salvador, Brazil, is the third-largest city in the country and lies on the Baia de Todos os Santos (the Bay of All Saints), in the Bahia region on the east coast of Brazil, almost 1700 kilometers (over 1000 miles) north of Rio de Janeiro (see # 4 above). Its wealth and history are tied to the sugar cane industry, and therefore, slavery. Thus, the population of the city is largely Afro-Brazilian. This region may well be the birthplace of Brazilian culture as the world knows it today.

             Salvador’s Old Town (Centro Storico), known as Pelourinho, is a 16^th century enclave of historic, colonial homes and buildings, located on a cliff above the bay. This is the area known as the Upper Town and is the major place of interest for the tourist. Walking is the best way to see the city’s treasures. The Main Square is known as the Terreiro de Jesus, which is the home of the Catedral Basilica, with its gilded columns and altars. Just down from this square, on the Praca Anchieta, is the exceedingly ornate, Baroque Igreja de Sao Francisco. The Largo do Pelourinho, once the location of the pillory where slaves were publicly disciplined, has perhaps the greatest concentration of colonial architecture in all of South America. Here visitors will also find the Nosso Senhor Do Rosario Dos Pretos, known as the “slave church”.

            To the south of the Old Town, in an area known as the Barra, at the point where the Bay meets the Atlantic Ocean, is the Forte de Santo Antonio da Barra and the Lighthouse, built in 1580, which is the oldest lighthouse in the Americas, and marks the spot where Amerigo Vespucci landed in the year 1501. Around the point, on the Atlantic side, are the city’s best beaches.

           Another must-see while in Salvador is the Nossa Senhor do Bonfim, an important pilgrimage church in the Bonfim district of the city, north of the Lower Town, which, incidentally is the site of the local market, Mercado Modelo.

          The city of Salvador is beginning to truly exploit its tourism potential, through the restoration of its old buildings and improving its image, and, lately, has been competing with Rio de Janeiro (see #4 above) as the Carnival capital of South America.

          While in Salvador, be sure to sample the music scene since the particular music of the region is integral to the culture.

 

       12. Buenos Aires, Argentina

            Buenos Aires, Argentina, is the most European city in all of South America. Its stately architecture, broad avenues, and squares evoke an earlier time. The city is known far and wide for the Tango, that sensual dance that captivates all who see it. It is imperative, while in Buenos Aires to either learn or at least watch a tango performance. One of the best places to start is at a local Milonga (Tango dance hall).

            Those who are in the city on a Sunday should plan to attend the Flea Market which is held in the Plaza Dorrego. It is a veritable “block party”.

            The Teatro Colon, the city’s Opera House, is worth a visit and tour of the majestic facility. If possible, catch a performance for a truly memorable experience.

            An interesting side trip from Buenos Aires involves a visit to Montevideo, Uruguay, northeast across the mouth of the Rio de la Plata. Its Old City is a cluster of small streets lined with 18^th century, Colonial Spanish buildings. Take a walk on the Rambla, a palm-tree-lined esplanade which winds around the waterfront. Spend some time in the Mercado del Puerto (Port Market) and linger in the Parrilladas, bistros specializing in barbeque meat and fish.

            Other sights include the Plaza Independencia, on the edge of the Old City. The square centers around an equestrian statue of Jose Artigas, the national hero of Uruguay. At one end of the square is the Palacio Salvo, admired for its architecture.

            Another worthwhile excursion involves a 2-hour flight from Buenos Aires to the Andean northwest of Argentina where silver mines infused wealth into the economy and created the grand city of Salta (called Salta de Linda, which means “the pretty“).

           Note the splendid, white Cabildo Historico, once the Town Hall, on one side of the main square, the Plaza 9 de Julio. Opposite it is the Catedral Basilica de Salta whose exterior is pink and whose interior gleams with gold and countless statues.

          Salta is also known as the starting point of the Train to the Clouds which runs several times per month into the Andes and offers spectacular scenery.

 

      13. Lima, Peru

           Lima, is the capital and largest city in Peru. It lies on the west coast of South America, along the banks of the Rio Rimac. The city sprawls and is, unfortunately characterized by the presence of shanties and shacks, pueblos jovenes, in the hills surrounding the city. It can be dangerous in certain parts of the city and at certain times of the day.

          However, its historic center (a UNESCO World Heritage Site) has a number of interesting attractions and it provides a good base for the exploration of this part of Peru. Although the city is old (1535), much of its buildings and tourist sights are more recent, because of an earthquake which occurred in 1746 and leveled almost the entire city.

          The main square and gathering place in the city is the Plaza de Armas, with its bronze fountain dating to 1650. Notable buildings on the square include the Cathedral, with its intricately carved choir seats, elaborate Inmaculada chapel, and ivory statue of Christ. It also houses the tomb of Francisco Pizarro, the founder of the city and conqueror of the Inca. Also on the square is the Palacio de Gobierno (Governor’s Palace), where Pizarro’s original palace stood. There is a Changing of the Guard ceremony daily at noon.

          Lima is a city of churches and museums, so there are plenty of both to explore and browse. Some of the more significant churches, besides the Cathedral mentioned above, are Santo Domingo, with its beautiful cloister and the tomb of Peru’s patron saint (St. Rose of Lima), San Pedro, with its Moorish balconies and gilded baroque altars, San Francisco, which actually survived the 1746 earthquake and dates to the 17^th century, La Merced with its stone portico and extensive tile work, Santa Rosa Church and Sanctuary, which commemorates the life of the saint, and Las Nazarenas, famous throughout the country because it contains the painting, El Senor de los Milagros (Lord of Miracles), which was painted by a descendant of a black slave from Angola and which miraculously survived a devastating earthquake in 1655. A copy of the painting is carried through the city on October 18, 19, and 28 each year as part of a procession.

        Because the city center has become somewhat rundown over the years, much of its activity has been transferred into the suburbs. Many of the major hotels and restaurants are found in the two most important of these suburbs, Miraflores and San Isidro. Because of this decentralization, walking is not recommended as the best way to see Lima.

        A possible excursion from the city that has become more popular in recent years is a trip to see the famous Nasca Lines, 450 kilometers (250 miles) south of Lima. These lines were constructed as furrows in the desert plains around the town of Nasca and are thought to have been built as early as 200 BC. However, there are numerous theories about their date of origin, their purpose, and the people responsible for them.

       Unfortunately, because they are so huge, they are best seen from the air. It is extremely difficult to appreciate their form and nature from a ground examination. Thankfully, there are a number of small plane operators who will take visitors on 35 minute-or-so flights over the area. The experience is incredible!

 

      14. Quito, Ecuador

           Quito, Ecuador, is the second highest capital city in the world at 9,200 feet (almost 3100 meters). Its historic Old City, which dates to 1534, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and contains excellent examples of fine colonial architecture amid its steep, cobblestone streets.

           Several of the buildings which are noteworthy include the Iglesia de la Compania, the most beautiful church in the city, with its gold-plated High Altar, the Basilica del Voto Nacional, a neo-Gothic church whose gargoyles are animals from the jungles around the city, and the Iglesia de San Francisco with its gilded and painted wood.

          Because Quito is located at the foot of a dramatic volcano, Volcan Pinchincha, its setting is idyllic and visitors may want to take a gondola, the Teleferiqo, up the volcano to an observation area, just below the summit, for incredible views of the city below. Another excellent view can be obtained from the top of Cerro Panecillo, at the southern edge of the Old City. This view showcases the city surrounded by tall peaks.

          There are a number of museums in the city, but one deserves particular mention, the Museo Nacional del Banco Central del Ecuador, which contains art and artifacts from the pre-Columbian period to the modern.

          An interesting excursion from Quito is to travel south to the city of Cuenca, about 220 miles away. Its cobblestone streets and colonial-era mansions with their wrought-iron balconies dripping with tropical plants and flowers have also been recognized as a World Heritage Site.

          The central square of the city, Parque Abdon Calderon, with its landscaped trees, is surrounded by lovely colonial buildings as well as the Catedral de la Inmaculada, the “new cathedral”, which is positively huge, with interior arches over 100 feet (30 m) high.

          There is a daily flower market in the Plazoleta El Carmen, although the major markets are set up on Thursdays and Sundays. “Panama Hats” are a specialty here.

          Incidentally, between Quito and Cuenca is Ingapirca, Ecuador’s most important Inca archaeological site. Visitors can check out the massive elliptical structure with mortar-less walls which scientists believe was a temple to the sun.

 

      15. Valparaiso, Chile

             Valparaiso, Chile, a UNESCO World Heritage Site at the base of the coastal range of the Andes, is a charming town whose wealth was acquired from Chilean wheat which fueled the California Gold Rush in the mid-1800’s. Since there was no Panama Canal, shipping to the west coast of the United States involved travel around the southern tip of South America and up the coast. Valparaiso was a major port in South America at the time.

             The rich merchants built their beautiful Victorian homes in the hills (cerros) above the town and, to get a true picture of the culture and its history, these areas must be visited. There are steep roads and numerous funiculars which allow access. In the past there were more than 30 of these funiculars, but today there are only about 15 or so.

             The cerros provide great views, the best of which are called Miradors, and some of these elevated neighborhoods are great for a stroll. For instance, take the Ascensor Turri to the Cerro Concepcion where a well-marked one mile (2 km) walk guides the visitor through a jumble of narrow, winding streets and stairways.

            A popular excursion from Valparaiso is five miles (9 km) north to the resort town of Vina del Mar, called Chile’s “Garden City” because of its Quinta Vergara, a large public park. Vina del Mar has excellent beaches and is one of the premier summer getaway escapes for Chileans.

           Another great excursion is to travel south and slightly inland to the capital city of Santiago, which is set a the base of some of the Andes’ tallest peaks. Its pleasant climate, warm days and cool nights, is similar to that of California, in the United States.

          Like Valparaiso above, Santiago has several hills (cerros) which provide lovely views. Perhaps the best place to go for a great view is Cerro Santa Lucia which looks out over the Avenida Bernardo O’Higgins, known as the Alameda, the entire downtown area, and the snow-capped Andes beyond.

          The heart of the city is the Plaza de Armas, which contains the Catedral Metropolitana and the nearby Palacio de la Real Audienca, now a museum, which was once the city’s Customs House. Further to the west is the presidential palace, Palacio de la Moneda.

          The city has a number of lovely parks. Perhaps the best one is the Parque Metropolitano, at the top of Cerro San Cristobal, which also contains a huge statue of the Blessed Mother which is lit at night. This hill also provides a great view.

          Also note the main city market, Mercado Central, which is extremely interesting because of its exotic and unusual offerings. The Bellavista section of the city is great for shopping, and also has numerous restaurants and nightclubs.

 

       16. Pantanal, Brasil

             The Pantanal, a huge flood plain in the far west of Brazil is actually the best place in the country to see wildlife. Its ebb and flow, connected to the cyclic seasonal changes in the rivers of the region, attract a tremendous variety of creatures, yet discourage farming and other activities which might favor development. This lack of people is certainly an advantage in the maintenance of wildlife populations.

             The primary gateway to the region, at least in the northern section which has become the most popular with tourists, is Cuiaba. Flights are available from either Rio de Janeiro (see # 4 above) or Sao Paulo. There are numerous lodges which cater to tourists and provide transportation and tours of the Pantanal.

             A favorite activity is to drive the Transpantaneira, 60 miles (100 kilometers) from the city. The road travels some 90 miles (150 kilometers) into the heart of the flood plain and has become one of the best areas for wildlife-viewing.

 

      17. Falkland Islands

            The Falkland Islands, the only territory of Great Britain in South America, is famous the world over as one of the best places to see Penguin Colonies, outside of Antarctica. There are five (5) different species of Penguin that breed on the islands. The islands are actually a haven for many types of wildlife, such as elephant seals, dolphins, whales, albatross, and many others.

            The islands are accessible by air, from Chile and from England, and by boat from Argentina. A number of cruise lines make a stop and this probably accounts for the majority of people who get introduced to the region.

            The island’s capital, Stanley, is the typical embarkation point and source of tourist services.

            Some of the best places to observe the indigenous wildlife in reasonably close proximity to the capital are Volunteer Point, a wildlife sanctuary, Sparrow Point, and Kidney Cove.

            The smaller islands are perhaps the best wildlife-viewing locations because of their remoteness. The best include Sea Lion Island, Saunders Island, Carcass Island, and New Island.

 

      18. Potosi, Bolivia

             Potosi, Bolivia, known as the Imperial City, was once the largest city in South America as a result of the discovery of huge silver deposits in the mountains surrounding the city. It is the world’s highest city, 4070 meters (12,500 feet) above sea level, so that altitude is a significant issue for many travelers.

             Cerro Rico was the main source of silver and also tin in the early days of the city. Mines still dot its flanks and a mine tour is certainly one of the major tourist activities here. Particular buildings which should be noticed on a walking tour of the city include Casa Real de la Moneda, the former mint, now a museum, and several churches, including San Francisco, Santa Teresa, San Lorenzo, and Santo Domingo.

             About 80 kilometers (50 miles) from Potosi is Sucre, the constitutional capital of Bolivia, a place that is revered as the origin of Bolivian and South American independence from Spain, spearheaded by the famous patriot, Simon Bolivar. Its old town center has been recognized as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. The white, Colonial buildings which date from the 18^th and 19^th centuries are well-preserved reminders of its past glory. Today, the city is most noted for its museums.

            Note that individuals wishing to travel to Bolivia are strongly cautioned because of safety concerns. There is considerable ongoing civil unrest which may pose danger to visitors or disrupt travel in the region.

           

      19. Brasilia, Brasil

            Brasilia, Brazil, is a total change of pace from the rest of South America. Here is a thoroughly modern city in a place where almost nothing else is modern. Here is a new city, built in 1960, which has been recognized as a landmark in city planning and design. The city of today was the result of the work of several significant individuals. Perhaps the most important of these was Oscar Niemeyer, the architect who designed most of the truly significant architectural achievements.

            Although the city plan is fairly simple, with one main north-south road (the curving Eixo Rodoviario), and one east-west road (the Eixo Monumental), it is huge and somewhat difficult to negotiate, certainly not a city for walking.

           The must-see architecture of the city includes the following: Catedral Metropolitana Nossa Senhora Aparecida, a kaleidoscope of marble and light; Palacio do Itamarty, whose interior is airy and incredibly distinctive; Memorial JK, an unusual tribute to the President of Brazil, Juscelino Kubitschek, who was most instrumental in the execution of the idea of an inland capital for Brazil; Congresso Nacional, the country’s parliament building; and the Palacio Planalto, the presidential palace, which is off-limits to tourists.

           Other city sights of interest to the tourist are the TV Tower which offers a 240 foot (80 meter) platform (free!) and has the best view of the entire city, and the Espaco Lucio Costa, a sunken memorial to Brasilia’s city planner who conceived the design of the city. The memorial includes a scale model of the city and is also an excellent first stop to orient the visitor.

 

      Central America is a collection of seven (7) small countries which connect Mexico and the rest of North America to the large continent of South America. Despite the poverty, there are a number of significant sights to interest the traveler. The following are probably the most important:

 

      1. Tikal, Guatemala

           A destination accessible from Belize City involves traveling inland into the jungles of Guatemala for a visit to the Mayan ruins at Tikal, a distance of about 130 miles (200 kilometers). Tikal was a major Mayan city and flourished from approximately 300 - 900 AD. It was once home to over 100,000 people. The eventual decline of this civilization has never been, and probably never will be, adequately explained. However, once the people began to leave, the jungle began to reclaim the area, and it is only recently that great efforts have been made to make the area accessible to tourists.

          Visitors are immediately impressed by the its numerous Temples (pyramids) and its large, expansive Plazas. There are over 3000 structures on the site which has been recognized by UNESCO for World Heritage status.

         The first area that visitors come to is the Great Plaza, which contains Temple I (Temple of the Giant Jaguar), Temple II (Temple of the Masks), and the Central Acropolis, a complex of numerous Palaces.

         Walking along the Tozzer Causeway, basically a raised road, brings the visitor to Temple III (Temple of the Jaguar Priest) and ultimately to a 212 foot (65 meter) pyramid, known as Temple IV, (the tallest in the Mayan world). A difficult climb to the top of this temple affords a spectacular view of the complex.

         There is another temple, Temple V near the South Acropolis.

 

      2. Panama Canal, Panama

          The Panama Canal, in the country of Panama, has had a storied history. However, it is undoubtedly one of the major engineering accomplishments of the modern era. It has served as a major contributor to the globalization of commerce on the planet by reducing shipping time and fuel costs. It has effectively linked areas of the world which almost never had contact with one another.

          The idea of the canal began with the French around the year 1880. The project was abandoned and considered virtually impossible. Then, in 1903, in exchange for its help in Panama’s fight for independence from Colombia, the United States asked for and was given rights to build a canal.

         The canal, after much difficulty and loss of life, was completed in 1914 and the Canal Zone remained under the jurisdiction of the US until December 31, 1999, when its control reverted to the country of Panama.

         The canal has a length of 64 kilometers (40 miles) and has 12 locks (for raising or lowering the ship in transit), each of which is 1000 feet (300 meters) long and 110 feet (33 meters) wide.

         Cruise ships regularly travel through the canal, and canal transits have become a very profitable lure for passengers. This is the way that most tourists experience this technological icon.

         Another way to access the canal is part of a visit to Panama City which is located at the western (southern) terminus of the canal, where it meets the Pacific Ocean. Major tourist attractions in the city include Old Panama, basically the ruins of the 1519 AD city, about 4 miles (7 kilometers) from the current city, and Casco Viejo, the historic, Colonial center of the city of today. Casco Viejo, with its narrow, cobblestone streets and magnificent Colonial buildings, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

         Specific attractions within the city center include the Salon Bolivar, the President’s Palace, San Jose Cathedral, and French Park, built to commemorate the French involvement in the country’s history. Just outside the city center is Metropolitan Park, a tropical forest reserve with several walking trails to allow visitors to access the colorful wildlife.

 

       3. Copan, Honduras

            The best excursion from Antigua Guatemala (see #4 below) is east into the neighboring country of Honduras to see the ancient Mayan ruins of Copan, a one-way trip of about 240 kilometers (130 miles). There is a daily shuttle service from both Antigua and Guatemala City.

           The nearest town to the ruins is appropriately called Copan Ruinas and is a charming, small town with cobblestone streets, houses with tile roofs and a friendly, peaceful atmosphere. It is only one kilometer (½ mile) away from the ruins, just a 10 minute walk.

           The ruins at Copan are not as large as some other Mayan sites, but they more than make up for a lack of size by their quality. This place seems to be the pinnacle of excellence in Art and probably also in astronomical observation. There are many carved monuments which should be the focus for the visitor.

           History tells us that this site is old, perhaps going back to 2000 BC, although the heyday of the Mayan civilization here probably peaked between 465 and 800 AD.

           The initial entry point to the complex is near the Ceremonial Court (Court of the Stelae) which is one of the most spectacular sections. A Stela is a stone column which here are carved with numerous glyph figures that probably memorialize kings or record historical events -- they resemble stone totem poles.

           Nearby is the Ball Court, a flat area with three sloping sides. Archaeologists do not know how the game was played, except that it was obviously very popular since fields of play are found in just about all Mayan sites.

           To the south is probably the most exceptional structure in the complex. The Hieroglyphic Stairway consists of 63 stairs that contain over 1000 glyphs, which may tell the entire history of this civilization. Today, it is protected from the elements because the figures are extremely worn and difficult to read.

           The nearby Eastern Court contains what is considered the most impressive temple (Temple 22) of the entire site. Note especially the carved doorways.

 

       4. La Antigua, Guatemala

            La Antigua Guatemala is the old Colonial capital of Guatemala. It lies in a valley surrounded by three volcanoes, Acatenango, Fuego, and Agua and its history has unfortunately been closely tied and partially determined by geological forces. Although it dates to the 16^th century, much of the city was destroyed in 1773 by a catastrophic earthquake. Another earthquake in 1976 added to the destruction. As a result, many of the buildings are in ruins or are still being restored.

            However, the city is still charming and shows much evidence of its former grandeur. Its cobblestone streets, fountains, plazas and tropical gardens are a delight to explore. Its multi-colored (primarily yellow, orange, and ocher) one-story buildings are evidence of optimism, not despair. It has been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

           Probably the most vibrant part of the city is Central Park, which is a gathering place for both locals and tourists. It is lined with vendors selling all manner of handicrafts and souvenirs. Its “naughty” Mermaid Fountain is an interesting conversation piece. Nearby are several noteworthy structures. Catedral Santiago dates to 1542, although it has sustained much damage over the years and is still being restored. The Palace of the General Captains, with its stone columns, dates to about the same time.

          Several other religious buildings or their remains are worthwhile to visit. La Merced Church has an intricately decorated, Baroque façade in yellow and white. It dates to 1548 and is said to contain the largest fountain in Latin America. The ruins of the Santa Clara Church are wonderful to stroll since the area around the ruins are well-kept and landscaped. La Recoleccion was once a huge monastery and, although also in ruins, has a glorious setting in the shadow of a volcano.

         The former University of San Carlos de Borromeo is a striking Moorish building which is now a museum.

         Two of the volcanoes above the city, Acatenango (3,900 meters or 13,000 feet) and Fuego (3,700 meters or 12, 350 feet), are considered “twins” and known jointly as La Horqueta. Agua is a bit smaller, at 3765 meters or 12,300 feet. Brave souls who climb their slopes are rewarded with fantastic views.

 

      5. Barrier Reefs of Belize

          The Barrier Reefs of Belize are the second longest in the world and are a treasure for scuba-divers and snorkelers. The beaches and resorts on the Cayes (islands) of the reef are idyllic destinations for those interested in fishing, sailing, swimming, exploring the reefs, or just relaxing.

          The main entry point for most visitors into the country is through Belize City, the largest town. It is a seaport with the associated hustle and bustle, but it has retained much of its shanty-town character. Most travelers arrive here and then leave for the islands or elsewhere. A half-day in town is probably enough to get a flavor for the atmosphere and style of life.

         Ambergris Caye is the largest and most popular of the islands. Its major town, San Pedro, a tiny, charming village of friendly, relaxed people, is mainly a place to pick up transport to a resort. The town is serviced by regular boat and small plane shuttles from Belize City, a 35 mile (75 kilometer) trip.

        Caye Caulker is another island with regular service from the city. It is much smaller in size. Travel around the island is normally by foot or rented golf cart.

        Divers will probably want to head out to Lighthouse Reef where they will find the famous Blue Hole, a cylindrical shaft of darker water over 400 feet (130 meters) in diameter, and Half Moon Caye, which besides excellent diving, is the location of Belize’s first National Park, a refuge for the almost extinct Red-footed Booby.

 

     6. Costa Rica's National Parks

        Costa Rica’s National Parks are world-renowned because of the huge percentage of the country which is preserved by law. National parks, wildlife refuges, and reserves make up almost 30% of the country’s land area. Obviously then, these pristine conservation areas are the major focus of tourism for Costa Rica.

        While most visitors enter the country through the capital of San Jose, it has little to offer except as a base of operations. The city was not even conceived until the late 18^th century so, unlike most other Latin American capitals, does not have much of a heritage. The few places which might interest a tourist in the city include, especially, the National Theater which is neo-Classical on the exterior and Baroquely ornate inside. The Fuerte Bella Vista (Fort with a beautiful view), Central Park and the nearby Cathedral may also be worth a visit.

        But the national parks are the thing. Thankfully, the best of them are within a day’s excursion of the capital, making it ideal as a starting point.

        Just 20 kilometers (12 miles) to the east is Irazu Volcano National Park which provides an opportunity for visitors to get close to a very active volcano. Irazu, at a height of 3,432 meters (about 9,000 feet), had its last major eruption in March of 1963. Since then it has rumbled and smoked in 1994. Note the Diego de la Haya Crater which contains a lake whose color varies from pea-green to a brownish red. Note also the tiny villages on the slopes of the volcano with their neat and brightly colored homes.

        On the way back to San Jose from Irazu National Park, stop at the town of Cartago, the former capital of Costa Rica, to see its Basilica de los Angeles, an important religious shrine in the country.

        About 20 kilometers (12 miles) northeast of the capital is Braulio Carrillo National Park, known as the “rain forest beside a highway”. The park sports five (5) different ecological zones with their associated wildlife. Take La Botella Trail for waterfalls and a view of Patria Canyon. There are many other trails of varying lengths and levels of difficulty.

       Poas Volcano National Park is only 45 kilometers (25 miles) northeast of San Jose. Here, visitors can actually drive to the rim one of the largest active craters in the world (1.5 km/1 mile across). Note that early morning is the best time for viewing the crater and the upper slopes of this 2,700 meter (9,000 foot) mountain since clouds tend to obscure things from mid-morning on. Another good activity is to walk the Botos Trail which leads to Lake Botos, an extinct crater.

       A bit further away is Manuel Antonio National Park, perhaps the gem of the park system. It is located about 60 miles (100 kilometers) to the southwest, on the Pacific coast. This park is noted for its particularly stunning beaches with their offshore islands and lush rain forests surrounding them. There are four (4) lovely beaches, Manuel Antonio, which is perhaps the prettiest of them all, Espadilla Sur, Playita, and Escondido (be careful of rip tides).

       The park is very small so visitors are limited to 600 per day (800 per day on weekends). Note also that this park is closed on Mondays. There are a number of walking trails available. Of note is Perezoso Trail which leads into the rain forest.

       Another wonderful park is Tortuguero National Park, which lies 80 miles (130 kilometers) to the northeast, along the Caribbean coast. Here is a park which consists of forested deltas on an alluvial plain which teem with wildlife. This park preserves the natural habitats of 13 of Costa Rica’s 16 endangered species, including jaguars, tapirs, and manatees.

      The area is also a green turtle nesting area, and Guided Turtle Walks are conducted during the nesting season. Check out El Gavilan Trail, a 2 kilometer (1.2 mile) stroll which traverses both beach and rain forest.

      Be advised that crime, particularly theft, is an issue in the country’s parks and cities. Do not leave valuables unattended.          

      Mexico has a wealth of tourist attractions, primarily revolving around Native civilizations such as the Aztecs and the Maya, and also Mexico's fabulous beaches. The following is my list of favorites. After reading the descriptions, check out my photo album of these sights, coming soon.

 

       1. Mexico City 

                Mexico City, the sprawling capital of Mexico and one of the largest cities in the world, is built over the ancient Aztec city of Tenochtitlan, which stood on a island in the middle of Lake Texcoco. After the conquest of the city by Hernan Cortes in 1519, it was destroyed, the lake filled in and a Spanish city was begun on the site. It greatest temple, Templo Mayor, is currently being excavated about a block away from the center of Mexico City’s main square, Plaza de la Constitucion, better known as the Zocalo.

                The excavation and associated museum is now a major attraction in the city because of its historical significance. Probably the most important artifact discovered in the ruins is the Coyolxauhqui, a carved, round stone which depicts the Moon Goddess, dismembered. Also of interest are two statues, called the Eagle Knights because of their feathered costumes.

        This historic heart of modern Mexico City is surrounded by some of its most famous and important structures. The Palacio Nacional is certainly an imposing edifice, but it is best known for its murals, painted by one of Mexico’s most famous muralists, Diego Rivera. They illustrate his impressions of Mexico’s turbulent (to say the least) history. They are found above the main stairway and along the walls of the courtyard.

       The Catedral Metropolitana, the largest cathedral in all of Latin America, is a treasure of art and architecture. Because it took close to three centuries to complete, it is a mixture of architectural styles. Particularly noteworthy are the Altar de los Reyes and the Choir, with its intricate wood-carving and two beautiful organs.

        Outside the historic center of the city are several sights which are also must-sees for any visitor. In the Alameda District, just west of the Zocalo, the Casa de los Azulejos (House of Tiles) and the Palacio de Bellas Artes are both architectural gems.

       Another noteworthy attraction, found in the northern part of the city, is the Basilica de Guadalupe, probably the most important pilgrimage site in the Americas. This entire complex of several churches and chapels is a shrine to commemorate the appearance of the Virgin Mary to Juan Diego in 1531. The anniversary of this event, December 12^th, draws thousands of people, both here and to churches throughout Mexico, to celebrate and perform other acts of veneration.

       Further to the west, connected to the city center by the Paseo de la Reforma with its elegant statues, is the famous Bosque de Chapultepec (Chapultepec Park), one of the oldest parks in the Americas, whose 2100 acres are a favorite gathering place for locals and tourists alike, especially on Sundays. Within the park, the Museo Nacional de Antropologia has a world-famous collection of relics from the ancient cultures of the Americas.

      The Zona Rosa, the area immediately south of the Paseo de la Reforma is popular because of its many restaurants, shops and markets.

      A great excursion is a short 20 kilometers (14 miles) south of Mexico City in the town of Xochimilco. Here are the last remaining Floating Gardens (Chinampas), which used to be quite common in the lakes around the city. Chinampas are rectangular floats, similar to barges, which are covered with a compost-like soil and planted with various crops or other plants. Natives used to steer these contraptions to the market to sell their produce. Now they are basically a curiosity designed to attract both locals and tourists to the area. Weekends are the best time to visit. The ideal way to participate is to rent a Trajinera, a flower-painted boat, and take part in the Floating Garden experience directly.

       Another worthwhile excursion is a visit to the beautiful Colonial town of Puebla, 130 kilometers (80 miles) southwest of Mexico City. This city is noted for the use of glazed tiles (Talavera) to decorate its buildings. They can be found on the domes of the churches and on the walls of the houses.

      Puebla’s Cathedral, one of Mexico’s oldest, has the highest towers in the country at 69 meters (226 feet). Check out the Church of Santo Domingo whose Rosary Chapel is a gold-leaf masterpiece. The main square (Zocalo) of the city has beautiful gardens and is lined with arcades. It also contain the interesting Fuente de San Miguel (St Michael’s Fountain).

 

      2. Chichen Itza

          Chichen Itza, the “City of the Water Wizards”, is probably the best-preserved of the ancient Mayan sites in all of Mexico. Archaeologists think the city may have been home to 35,000 people at its zenith, from about 800 to 1100 AD. Walking into the site is awe-inspiring because of its scale.

          The most impressive ruin is El Castillo, a huge pyramid dedicated to the Mayan god, Kukulcan, the local equivalent to Quetzlcoatl of the Aztecs. The pyramid is 24 meters (about 75 feet) tall. Its four sides are stairways, each with 91 steps, making a total of 365 steps in all, the number of days in the Mayan year (the Mayan culture was obsessed with time and there are many examples of time related symbols on the site). The stairways rise at a 45^o angle and, until recently, could be climbed by the fit and courageous. This practice was ceased in late 2006. Authorities cited numerous accidents, damage to the structure and graffiti for their change of heart.

         Another structure on the premises is the Observatory (El Caracol) which was obviously used for astronomical purposes. The slits in the walls are associated with the positions of key stars on certain, important dates of the year.

         The Ball Court is the largest in all of Mesoamerica with a length of about 170 meters (550 feet). The games that were played were more ceremonial and much more serious than sport, and there is evidence that the losers were decapitated.

         The Temple of the Warriors is perched on a small pyramid and is noteworthy for its snake-like columns and sculptures of Chac, the Mayan god of rain and lightening, and Kukulcan.

         North of the Platform of Venus is a path which leads to the Sacred Cenote (Cenote means “well”). This well, however, was not used as a source of water, but had a more sinister purpose. Human sacrifices occurred here. Chosen individuals were thrown into the well to drown.

        One of the best places to stay in the region is Cancun, a beach resort on the northeastern tip of the Yucatan peninsula. What was originally a sleepy fishing village has been transformed into a mega-resort complex with all the associated services. The beaches themselves are beautiful, white and sandy and the weather is almost always excellent. The majority of hotels and resorts are found along the spit of land called Isla Cancun or Zona Hotelera. Much of the shopping, another activity for which Cancun is famous, is found downtown.

        In addition, there are myriad aquatic activities available as well as tours or transportation to various other attractions in the area. After all, this is the Mayan Riviera, the most important travel destination in all of Mexico.

        Cancun is approximately 150 miles (240 kilometers) northeast of Chichen Itza.

        There are several other Mayan sites in the Yucatan which can also be conveniently visited from Cancun. Tulum, for instance, is only 81 miles (130 kilometers) away. Tulum is a late-Mayan city, dating to approximately 1200 to 1500 AD and is unusual in that it is the only Mayan site directly on the coast. As such, it has a special fascination because of its great views over the Caribbean.

        Tulum is basically a walled fortress and some of its structures were, no doubt, lookout posts. The site is dominated by El Castillo, a temple on top of a pyramid. Also of note is the Temple of the Frescoes, which was probably an astronomical observatory.

 

     3. Teotihuacan

          Approximately 30 miles (48 kilometers) northeast of Mexico City lie the ruins of probably the most famous and most visited reminder of pre-Columbian culture in the Americas. Teotihuacan was a city which was probably founded in 200 BC, by a culture which archaeologists know very little about. The civilization here lasted till about 650 AD when it was mysteriously abandoned. It was later given its Aztec name and venerated by that culture, although they allowed the area to be taken over by vegetation and effectively buried.

    

      This road trip will mirror the route Meriweather Lewis and William Clark took when exploring the Louisiana Territory, purchased from France in 1803.  Their charge from President Thomas Jefferson was to find a water route to the Pacific Ocean and to chart this virgin territory. The journey began in May of 1804, from St Louis, Missouri. Join these explorers on your own journey of discovery by following this road trip.

 

      Stop #1 - St Louis, Missouri

            Gateway Arch, a gleaming stainless steel structure on the St Louis side of the Mississippi River, commemorates America’s 19th century westward expansion. It rises 210 meters (630 feet) and dominates the river’s edge and the St Louis skyline as westbound travelers cross the Mississippi. A memorial to Jefferson’s Louisiana Purchase and Lewis and Clark is also found on the site, as well as several theaters in the Visitor Center.

            Take the tram, a small cocoon-like pod which transports visitors to the top of the arch, where sixteen small windows offer views of the Mississippi River and the city of St Louis.

 

                Travel West on Interstate 70 to Kansas City, then north on Interstate 29 to Council Bluffs, IA. (438 miles)

 

       Stop #2 - Council Bluffs, IA

             At a spot on Eighth Street, overlooking the river, Lewis & Clark met with chiefs of the Otoe and Missouri Indians in 1804. This "council" gave the city its name and is commemorated with a monument at the location of the meeting.

 

                Travel North on Interstate 29, then West on Rte 50, just into South Dakota to the town of Yankton, SD. (152 miles).

 

       Stop #3 - Yankton, SD

            Yankton was an important stop for Lewis & Clark. They presented gifts to the Yankton Sioux and were warned about the other Sioux tribes further up the river. Stop here only for an hour or so, then proceed as described below.

 

               Travel North on US Rte 81, then West on Interstate 90, then North again on US Rte 83 to Pierre, SD. (290 miles)

 

       Stop #4 - Pierre, SD

             Pierre is used here as a way station only. It has a reasonable choice of accomodations since it is the capital of South Dakota.

               

                    From Pierre, continue North on US Rte 83 to Interstate 94 West to the community of Mandan, ND, just west of Bismarck, the state's capital. (215 miles)

 

       Stop #5 - Mandan, ND

               This stop is the location where Lewis & Clark planned to spend their first winter. They arrived on October 1, 1804 and built a fort which was completed in late November. They stayed until the spring thaw began, in early April, 1805.

 

                   Continue West on Interstate 94 into Montana, then take Rte 200 S West to US Rte 200 West all the way to Great Falls, MT. (533 miles)

 

       Stop #6 - Great Falls, MT

               Great Falls was an important area during the Lewis & Clark Expedtion since they were told that it was only when they reached these falls that they could be sure that they were still on the Missouri River. They saw these falls on June 13, 1805. Because the falls were really a set of falls which extended for about 19 miles, their portage took almost a month. They were thus in this area for a long time and they explored the region extensively. In Great Falls, visitors will find numerous references to the expedition. The Lewis & Clark Audio Tour, available at the Historical Society, takes participants through their adventures in the area and the Lewis & Clark National Historic Train Interpretive Center can be found in Giant Springs Heritage State Park.

 

                   From Great Falls, continue West on US Rte 200 to Missoula, then go west on US Rte 12 to Lewiston, ID or Clarkston, WA (notes the names). (533 miles)

 

      Stop #7 - It was in Lewiston that Lewis & Clark camped for a while and received assistance from the Nez Perce Indians. From here it was travel by boat again (they had required horses to cross the Bitteroot Mountains in the process of arriving here), and they would be traveling with the river current all the way to the Pacific Ocean.

      In Lewiston there are several reminders of this part of their journey. Check out the Lewis & Clark Center for Arts and History, on Main Street, and the Nez Perce National Historical Park whose headquarters are in the neighboring community of Spaulding, ID.

 

                   From Lewiston, continue West on US Rte 12 to Rte 730 West and along the Columbia River on US Rte 30, which becomes Interstate 84 West all the way to Portland, OR. (354 miles)

 

      Stop #8 - Portland, OR

              This last stop on our journey puts Lewis & Clark very close to the Pacific Ocean, their goal. They rode the mighty Columbia River through the Cascades to get here. The scenery along the Historic Columbia River Highway is spectacular. There are numerous places to stop along the way. A special location is Vista House, in Crown Point State Park where visitor can obtain panoramic views of the Columbia River Gorge. The expedition finally reached the coast in late November, 1905, where they camped for the winter and prepared for their return.

 

       Lewis & Clark actually returned along a similar route, back to St Louis. Along the return journey, they split up where the Yellowstone River forks from the Missouri. Clark took the Yellowstone part of the journey while Lewis stayed to the North. Our road trip, however, is over at Portland after covering a distance of about 2,500 miles. The modern is significantly less dangerous than the original expedition!

                

      This interesting road trip will recall the days of the Old West, where cowboys and shoot-outs were commonplace. The entire road trip is designed as a lengthy, but complete, loop, so that it doesn't matter where you begin. For the purposes of the written description, I will begin in Oklahoma City, OK, since it is the location of the Cowboy Hall of Fame and Western Heritage Museum, a great place to start since it provides all the background necessary to appreciate the trip.

 

        Stop #1 - Oklahoma City, OK

                 The National Cowboy Hall of Fame and Western Heritage Center, in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, showcases the era of westward expansion in America, and some of its major characters. American Indian life is also exhibited, as well as thousands of artifacts and memorabilia. Highlights include the Rodeo Hall of Fame, the Western Art Gallery, which includes the work of famous American artists, such as Frederic Remington, and the Visions of the West gallery, which includes an authentic replica of a street in the Old West.

 

             From Oklahoma City, take Interstate 35 North to Wichita, KS, then US Rte 54/400 West to Mullinville, KS. At Mullinville, continue on US 400 West to Dodge City, KS. (310 miles)

 

       Stop #2 - Dodge City, KS

                 Dodge City was an uproarious town in the late 1800's, known affectionately as "Hell on the Plains". It has been immortalized by two of its sheriffs, Wyatt Earp and Bat Masterson. It is perhaps most remembered for Boot Hill, its cemetery in which many a would-be gunfighter met his end. Fort Dodge is just out of town and can be visited, as well.

 

            From Dodge City, travel East on US 54 to US Rte 283 North, then West on Interstate 70 to Oglalla, KS.

 

       Stop #3 - Scott's Bluff National Monument, NB

           Less a cowboy site and more a Westward Expansion attraction, Scott's Bluff refers to an area of sandstone promontories which marked an important stop along the Oregon Trail. The area is visible for miles so provided a landmark for these early settlers. It was also the last major stop before the arduous journey into the Rocky Mountains.

 

 

        Stop #4 - Deadwood, SD

                 Deadwood was a haven for gunfighters and other colorful personalities in the late 1800's. Wild Bill Hickok was killed during a poker game here. The town celebrates its history during the "Days of '76", in late July, with a parade, rodeo, and other events.

                 Note: Extend your trip several days and visit the other major attractions in the area, such as, Mount Rushmore, Badlands National Park, Wind Cave National Park, and the Crazy Horse Memorial.

 

              From here, continue West I-90 to Sheridan, WY, then take Rte 14 West to Cody,WY. (362 miles)

 

        Stop #5 - Cody, WY

                 "Buffalo Bill" Cody was one of the West's most recognized characters. He was a Pony Express rider, Army Scout, and finally, a showman who traveled the United States romanticizing cowboys and displaying their incredible skills with guns. He founded the town and is immortalized in numerous venues in the area. In particular, check out the Buffalo Bill Historical Center, a museum which brings this era to life.

 

               From Cody, travel East on Rte 14, then South on Rte 120 to US 20 East to Casper, WY. Here take Interstate 25 South to Cheyenne, WY. (410 miles)

 

        Stop #6 - Cheyenne, WY

             Cheyenne also had a notorious reputation as a wild, unruly place. It was known as "Hell on Wheels" in the east. As capital of Wyoming, the "Cowboy State", which has long pictured a cowboy on horseback on its license plate, Cheyenne preserves its past with several museum devoted to this period in American history and with its celebration of "Frontier Days", in late July, which features the world's largest outdoor rodeo.

 

                  From here, head South on Interstate 25 to Walsenburg, in southern Colorado. Then travel West on US Rte 160 to Durango, CO. (484 miles)

 

        Stop #7 - Durango, CO

               Durango, Colorado is a quintessential western town that had its heyday during the gold and silver booms, but now serves as a gateway to several spectacular tourist areas. The downtown area has many Victorian buildings which herald its earlier prominence and the town still hosts numerous rodeos as a reminder of its cowboy days.

               Note: Extend your trip while in the vicinity, and stop off at Mesa Verde National Park, just west of the city, or take US 550, which runs from Durango to Silverton, CO, known as the Million Dollar Highway for its breathtaking views of the San Juan Mountains which it traverses. For those who are afraid to drive the winding, cliff side route, the Durango-Silverton Narrow Gauge Railroad offers a different way to experience these precipitous mountains. It is about a 9-hour round trip.

 

               After your visit in the Durango area, continue West on Rte 160, then take US Rte 666 South to Gallup, New Mexico. Here, turn West on Interstate 40 to Holbrook, AZ. Then take Rt3 77 South to Tucson, AZ. Next, head East on Interstate 10 to Rte 80 South to Tombstone, AZ. (573 miles)

 

         Stop #8 - Tombstone, AZ

               Tombstone is one of the most famous Cowboy towns in the United States. It was here, in the "Town too tough to die," that the famous "Gunfight at the OK Corral" occurred, which pitted the notorious Clanton Gang against Wyatt Earp and his group. The event is reenacted daily at 2:00 PM. This town also has its Boot Hill Cemetery and is home to the famous Bird Cage Theater.

 

                        Travel back up Rte 80 to Interstate 10 East to El Paso, Texas.(290 miles)

 

          Stop #9 - El Paso, TX

                 El Paso is included in this itinerary because it was here that John Wesley Harding, one of the last of the true cowboys and gunslingers, met his end.

 

                       Next, travel East on Interstate 10 and then East on Interstate 20 to Abilene, TX. (455 miles)

 

          Stop #10 - Abilene, TX

                 Abilene is used in this trip basically as a way station because of the long last leg back to our starting point. The area was once populated by millions of buffalo, but now the economy is tied to the cattle industry. There are a few historic sites in the vicinity.

 

               To return to the starting point of trip, take Interstate 20 East to the Dallas-Fort Worth area, then pick up Interstate 35 North to Oklahoma City. (351 miles)

 

           The entire trip covers a total of approximately 4,000 miles and requires a minimum of 17 days, without extensions.  

      The United States of America is blessed with incredible natural beauty which has been lovingly preserved in the form of its national park system. America created the first national park, Yellowstone National Park, in 1872, and, since then, has set aside millions of acres as part of the most comprehensive and largest national park system in the world. This blog entry attempts to highlight the best of these fantastic areas. Many of them are must-sees for all Americans and all world-travelers. Sit back and learn about these marvelous places, then make plans to visit as many as you can!

 

      1. Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming

               Yellowstone National Park is not only America’s first national park, but is probably the premier national park in the US. It combines dramatic scenery, exemplified by the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone, with incredible thermal areas, e.g. Old Faithful, and a great variety of wildlife which is extremely accessible to visitors. The park consists of two circular routes (a northern, 112 km or 70 mile loop, and a southern, 150 km or 96 mile loop) which meet and share a common east-west road across the middle of the park. Each of the loop roads requires at least a day, so a minimum stay in the area should last two full days (keep in mind that it is better to stay longer to allow more time at the various sights). Yellowstone requires a considerable amount of walking in order to fully appreciate the thermal and scenic areas since many of the sights are along trails or elevated boardwalks above the thermal areas and are some distance from the roads.

               There are numerous must sees in the park. The following is a list of the major sights:

                   Old Faithful geyser (in the Upper Geyser Basin, the largest concentration of geysers in the world) is the unofficial symbol of the park. It is called Old Faithful because it reliably erupts every 78 minutes on average and its eruptions spray heated water over 100 feet in the air.

                   The Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone (at Canyon Village) offers views of yellow, orange, red and white canyon walls above the blue-green Yellowstone River, 330 meters (1000 feet) below. Yellowstone Falls, at one end of the canyon, adds more beauty to the scene. Stop at the various overlooks, such as Artist Point and Inspiration Point, to get different perspectives.

                   Mammoth Hot Springs (in the northernmost region of the park) features colorful terraces of superheated water flowing over a kind of limestone called travertine. The end result is a colorful (shades of white, yellow, cocoa, and pink), steaming staircase.

                   Norris Geyser Basin includes Steamboat Geyser, the world’s tallest, among others as well as colorful (shades of blue, yellow, orange and green) pools and other thermal features.

                   Wildlife, such as, Bison, Elk, Bears, Wolves, etc, are common throughout the park (although wolves are seldom seen near the populated areas) so be prepared to stop at traffic jams which begin as soon as significant wildlife is spotted, because people just stop their cars in the middle of the road to take pictures and to watch. Instead of getting upset, just relax and enjoy the experience.

                   Fountain Paint Pot (in the Lower Geyser Basin area) is extremely different from the other thermal features and is interesting and entertaining. Here multi-colored mud boils and spouts.

                   Many other attractions are spread throughout the huge park. There are numerous walking trails which lead to waterfalls, other thermal areas, etc.

                   An interesting and memorable experience is to take a swim in the Firehole River, a cold, mountain stream which is warmed considerably as it travels through the thermal areas, becoming comfortably warm. Access is just off Lower Loop Road, just south of Madison (check with a Ranger at any of the Visitor Centers to get more specific directions and to make sure swimming is still permitted).

 

        2. Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona

                Grand Canyon National Park is so beautiful and spectacular that people who see it have difficulty expressing themselves. Because the area is so huge (it can be seen from outer space) it defies description and is hard to capture adequately in photographs because of the immense scale. However, it is, without question, one of the most, if not the most, significant natural landscape on the planet and, for that reason, a must-see for all people of the world who value travel! It is basically a gigantic gash in the earth’s crust, carved by a river or successive rivers over millions of years. What today’s visitors see are layers of multi-colored sandstone lining the walls of the canyon and huge mesas and buttes rising from the depths to fill much of the space. At the bottom of it all is the thin, muddy Colorado River which winds its way through (it defies imagination to realize that this tiny river has helped to create this masterpiece although geologists know that it was significantly larger in the past).

              Considering the immensity of the Grand Canyon (over 300 km or 200 miles long, 16 km or 10 miles wide and a mile deep) the park area which can be visited is remarkably compact (only about 32 km or 20 miles long on both the North Rim (less accessible and less crowded) and the South Rim (the major visitor area and extremely crowded during the summer months).

              Looking down into the canyon means looking back over almost 2 billion years of earth history and is a geological bonanza for scientists. But the average person is unaware of that and is just able to appreciate the incredible beauty of the place.

              Different overlooks, such as Mather Point, Hopi Point and Grandview Point on both West Rim and East Rim Drive give the observer different views and even different perspectives on the canyon. There are many such overlooks, so be sure to check them all out.

              Try to be around until evening to see the area’s transformation as light diminishes and shadows creep across the abyss.

              See the IMAX presentation before heading to the viewing areas to better understand what can be seen.

              Acrophobics beware! The newest attraction at the canyon is a glass platform which protrudes 70 feet (24 meters) beyond the canyon rim and affords very unusual views of the canyon floor directly below. This attraction, called the Grand Canyon Skywalk, is located at the Hualapai Indian Reservation, which, unfortunately, is inconvenient to get to. Although only about 90 miles (150 kilometers) west of the South Rim Visitor Center, it requires a drive of almost 250 miles (400 kilometers) because of the lack of roads in the area. Once on the reservation, there is an additional 14 mile (20 kilometer) drive on windy, unpaved roads to reach the attraction. The tribe offers a variety of tour packages which include access to the skywalk. Don’t fret too much about the possibility of the glass breaking since it has been built to withstand over 70 million pounds of weight, winds of over 100 miles per hour, and an earthquake of magnitude 8.0. In addition, the number of visitors on the glass bridge is restricted to 120 at a time.

 

        3. Yosemite National Park, California

              Yosemite National Park is another park whose images are extremely familiar to everyone. From the writings of John Muir to the photographs of Ansel Adams, the park’s vistas are legendary. Yosemite represents glacial landscape at its best. From El Capitan’s monolithic face to Yosemite Falls, the highest waterfall in North America, to an alpine meadow called Tuolumne, to Glacier Point, a breath-taking overlook, Yosemite’s beauty is stunning. The price paid for all this, however, is slow-moving traffic and hordes of visitors which severely diminish the average person’s enjoyment. But, if the traveler can put up with some of the inconvenience, Yosemite is a true treasure. Incidentally, there are shuttles available in the valley floor area in the summertime, which is a good way to avoid the aggravation of the traffic, and also to reduce the pollution caused by so many cars. There are even stands of Redwoods, two of which date back to a time when tunnels were dug through the trunks so that cars could pass through, although one of these trees is now dead.

              Another way to minimize the congestion and crowding is to walk several of the numerous trails within the park.

              The view of Yosemite Valley from the Valley View overlook is particularly beautiful because it encompasses many of the “famous” landmarks of the park, including El Capitan, Half-dome, and Bridal Veil Falls.

              Other exquisite viewing areas include Glacier Point and Washburn Point, which are both high above the valley floor and look down at Vernal Falls and Nevada Falls, truly showcasing the glacial nature of the landscape.

 

       4. Carlsbad Caverns National Park, New Mexico

              Carlsbad Caverns National Park is the premier cave destination in the world. Imagine descending over 250 meters (750 feet) into the dark depths, but finding lighted pathways through chambers of stalactites, stalagmites and many other formations. There are numerous tours offered, some of which are more strenuous, but reservations are a must during the busy summer season.

              The most popular tour is the Blue Tour which begins at the Visitor Center and descends into the cavern through its natural entrance. Be aware that this walk is fairly strenuous and includes numerous stairs.

              The Scenic Rooms, such as the King’s Palace, Queen’s Chamber, and the Papoose Room contain remarkably exquisite formations.

              There is even a post office, gift shop, and snack bar in the “Big Room”. Return to the surface is via elevator. Because the cave is a constant 55^o F, appropriate clothing is recommended.

              A Ranger-led tour is the best way to see the caverns since park rangers are usually extremely knowledgeable about the geology and ecology of the area and are happy to answer questions.

              Every evening from late spring to early autumn, there is a Ranger talk and viewing of the daily exodus of hundreds of thousands of bats from their roosting sites inside the cave. The National Park has created an amphitheater to facilitate the viewing and to discuss the natural history of these fascinating mammals.

 

        5. Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado

              Mesa Verde National Park, located in the southwestern corner of Colorado, is the premier Native American archeological sight in the USA. The highlights for most visitors are the striking cliff dwellings which date back to about 1200 AD. These are stone communities in the alcoves of the sheer walls of the canyons which probably housed over 100 people (Cliff Palace).

              Mesa Verde is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and is recognized the world over for its cultural and historic importance. There is great mystery here, since the culture that built the dwellings disappeared in the late 1200’s and little is known about why they left or where they went.

              Note that the Far View Visitor Center is 15 miles (23 kilometers) from the park entrance. It offers information about the park and daily activities which are available.

              The most important attractions are Cliff Palace, Balcony House, and Spruce Tree House. Keep in mind that descent into the ruins is only possible on a Ranger-led tour and these may involve steep paths, stairs, and metal ladders.

              Cliff Palace, one of the most popular of the cliff dwellings, requires a ticket for a Ranger-guided tour (worth whatever is charged) which takes visitors into the cliff dwelling to discover the intricacies of its construction and the uses of its various sections.

              Stop at the overlooks along Ruins Road in Mesa Verde for scenic views of the dwellings and the canyons.

              A great base of operation for an exploration of the park is Durango, Colorado. This quintessential western town had its heyday during the gold and silver booms, but now serves as a gateway to several spectacular tourist areas. The downtown area has many Victorian buildings which herald its earlier prominence and the town still hosts rodeos as a reminder of its cowboy days.

      

       6. Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, Hawaii

             Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, on the Big Island of Hawaii, allows visitors an up-close and personal look at the wonder and devastation associated with volcanoes. Mauna Loa and Kilauea are the two volcanoes featured in the park. There are landscapes and exhibits to visit which illustrate the power and destruction of these and other volcanoes (don’t miss the film at the Visitor Center prior to venturing out into the park).

             A trip along Crater Rim Drive reveals many different aspects of Kilauea’s history. Definitely take the fairly short walk to and through the Thurston Lava Tube for an interesting and eerie perspective.

             Also drive down Chain of Craters Road to see, first hand, some of the devastation wrought by Kilauea in the past. Notice also the steam rising from Mauna Ulu and Puu Oo which indicate the continuation of Kilauea’s current eruption.

             This park offers an opportunity to see fresh lava flowing to the edge of the island and into the ocean. For people interested in geological phenomena, this is a chance of a lifetime, since most volcanic eruptions are unexpected and too violent to approach. To get this unparalleled view, take the Chain of Craters Road to its end (there is a small Ranger Station at the blockade, so cars must be parked somewhere along the road in that vicinity). Then walk several miles over very uneven terrain with no path (except for the very beginning of the stroll) until there is an area where new continental crust is being formed by the hardening of lava. Break open the surface of the rock, to see fresh lava oozing toward the ocean. Veering toward the coastline, visitors may see the steam and gases at the interface where hot magma meets cold ocean water. It is an unforgettable experience, well worth the exertion. (Don’t be too discouraged by Park Rangers who seem to be constantly reminding people of the dangers of getting too close). However, do be extremely careful since the walk traverses areas where the volcanic crust may be only hours old!

 

        7. Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming

               Grand Teton National Park and Jackson Hole, Wyoming combine to create an area of great scenic beauty, just south of Yellowstone National Park (see #1 above). Follow Routes 89 and 191 which wind parallel to the Teton range and afford excellent views of these majestic mountains, among the youngest on the continent, south from Yellowstone or north from the town of Jackson. They are probably the most photographed mountains in the US because they seem to jut skyward abruptly from the valley (Jackson Hole) below.

               Be sure to check out the views of the Teton range from the John D Rockefeller Memorial Drive (Routes 89 & 191) and/or from Teton Park Road, which runs parallel to the highways. There are great photo opportunities at the Snake River Overlook, on Routes 26,89,191 and also at Oxbow Bend which lies between Jackson Lake Junction and Moran Junction.

               The town of Jackson has become a destination in itself, due to its scenic location as well the ambiance of an upscale cowboy town, complete with hundreds of discarded elk antlers. There are numerous activities in the vicinity, including horse-back riding, skiing in winter, white-water rafting, and float trips along the Snake River, which flows through the park. Numerous Dude Ranches compete for the tourist’s attention.

               Walk the wooden sidewalks the town of Jackson and check out the cowboy and other finery in the shops along the street. The village recalls the quintessential old west.

 

       8. Bryce Canyon National Park, Utah

               Bryce Canyon National Park, in Utah, is a fantasy land of shapes and colors. The visitor looks down, or walks down, into a bowl of spires, called hoodoos. Each hoodoo is layered with colors, primarily red, orange, yellow, brown, and white, and rises from the amphitheater below in weird shapes or formations. Most of these pillars are narrow and fingerlike, but others are wide, forming small buttes. The colors change over the course of the day, due to shadows and lighting, but the views are always spectacular.

               Ride along the rim road stopping at each of the overlooks to appreciate all areas of the park. Particularly beautiful views are found at Inspiration Point, Rainbow Point, Bryce Point, and Fairyland Point.

              While in Bryce Canyon National Park, hike at least one of the park’s trails to get an up-close and personal look at the hoodoos, and a different perspective on the area. Many trails are fairly strenuous because of the elevation changes as you descend into the amphitheater, but there are easy trails as well.

 

      9. Olympic National Park, Washington

              Olympic National Park, in the northwestern corner of Washington, is a park with something for everyone. It has snow-capped mountains; it has wild, unspoiled beaches; it has eerie and unusual Temperate Rain Forests; and it has abundant wildlife because so much of the park is truly wilderness. The best way to visit is by car, a significant day trip from Seattle or, better, an overnight stay on the peninsula. Route 101 which loops around most of the park and allows access to the best sights, is, itself, around 300 kilometers (200 miles), so leave early and plan to be gone for the entire day.

              Hurricane Ridge in the northern area of the park offers views of striking snow-capped peaks and the Strait of Juan de Fuca to the north. There are a number of walking or hiking trails available as well.

              Ruby Beach, on the western edge of the park, is wild and strange, with its many sea stacks and driftwood. It’s not a beach for swimming, but just to stroll and admire the photogenic scenery or to explore tidal pools to observe the many small sea creatures which inhabit them, such as pacific coast sea anemones, sea urchins, and starfish.

              The Hoh Rain Forest, inland from the Ruby Beach area, invites the visitor to observe an extremely uncommon ecosystem, a temperate Rain Forest. Don’t be surprised if it rains during the visit, since this area gets 150 or so inches of rain (almost 400 cm) per year. This environment is characterized by mosses which drape the tree branches and give them an otherworldly look.

              Take the Hall of Mosses Trail, an easy self-guided walk, to experience the lush, eternally green Sitka Spruce Forest.

              

      10. Glacier National Park, Montana

              Glacier National Park is located in Northern Montana and is associated with Waterton Lakes National Park in Alberta, Canada, the two together comprising Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park, an interesting concept involving cooperation of two separate countries to preserve an area of exceptional beauty. The area is, of course, known for its glaciers (which, by the way, are receding significantly), but there are other attractions, such as, wildlife, lakes, hiking trails, etc.

              Going-to-the-Sun Road, a spectacular 50 mile (80 kilometer) scenic drive, bisects the park and offers breath-taking vistas throughout. Stop at the Logan Pass Visitor Center, roughly halfway across, at the Continental Divide, for information and access to several trails. Nearby, the road hugs the cliffs of deep, steep valleys allowing unobstructed views of mountains and glaciers. Be on the lookout for Rocky Mountain Goats which are quite common at the high altitudes. There are many other hiking trails but few other roads.

             The two major lakes of the park, Saint Mary Lake, on the eastern side of Going-to-the-Sun Road, and Lake McDonald, on the western side, offer aquatic activities.

 

      11. Zion National Park, Utah

             Zion National Park, in Utah, is a another monument to the forces of erosion and their effect on the landscape. The difference between Zion and other parks such as the Grand Canyon, is that here, the visitor is at the bottom of the canyon, looking up at all the creations. The park, as its name suggests, has a religious theme since it was discovered by Mormons who applied various religious epithets to the park’s landmarks. A shuttle service operates to reduce or eliminate traffic on the Zion Canyon Scenic Drive, the most popular part of the park.

             Zion Canyon is the most spectacular and most frequented area with prominent features such as, the Great White Throne, the Three Patriarchs, Angel’s Landing, etc., greeting the visitor at every bend of the 5 1/2 mile (8 kilometer) scenic drive.

             Walk the trails to Weeping Rock and to Emerald Pool for some different types of terrain and environments.

             Other parts of the park require motor travel. For instance, the Zion-Mount Carmel Highway, which cuts across the southern part of the park, is a state highway and frequently congested because of through traffic. The highway allows access to some very different and unusual landscapes. This area is characterized by smooth, sculpted mounds, interspersed with evergreen trees, known as checkerboard mesas. Geologically, this area was once a series of sand dunes which have now been transformed into rock.

              Another area of the park (Kolob Canyons) is accessible via Interstate 15 (about 50 miles from the Zion Canyon Visitor Center). A five mile (8 kilometer) scenic drive provides spectacular views of red sandstone cliffs surrounding a verdant valley -- very beautiful. This area, because it is isolated from the major area of the park has considerably less traffic and crowds.

 

       12. Crater Lake National Park, Oregon

             Crater Lake National Park, in southern Oregon, contains America’s deepest lake (almost 700 meters or 2000 feet in depth) which is known around the world for its beautiful, deep blue color. The crater is actually the caldera of Mount Mazama which erupted about 7,700 years ago leaving this steep-sided bowl which eventually filled with water. A 53 km (33 mile) road (Rim Drive) encircles the lake and offers numerous overlooks and access to walking trails. Boat rides to Wizard Island, an attractive, conical land mass within the crater, are available during the summer season and leave hourly from Cleetwood Cove. However, access to the boat dock requires a very strenuous walk from the parking area.

             Head for “The Watchman” overlook for breathtaking views of the lake, Wizard Island, and the surrounding countryside.

 

      13. Death Valley National Park, California

             Death Valley National Park is an eerily beautiful area with considerable contrast in its geology. The park is huge (the largest in the contiguous United States) and the sights are many miles apart so one visit may not be enough to see the entire park. Summertime is not the time to go since it is easily the hottest spot in North America. The many stops along the highways offer interesting insights into the formation and evolution of the area.

            Particular sights which should not be missed include Badwater, the lowest spot in the Western Hemisphere (282 feet/93 meters below sea level), the Devil’s Golf Course, an unusual landscape of rock salt spires, Dante’s View for a panoramic view of the Valley, and Scotty’s Castle, an interesting ranch house in the middle of nowhere.

            Be sure to take a side trip along Artist’s Drive to admire the strikingly beautiful colored rocks.

 

       14. Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska

            Glacier Bay National Park preserves the wilderness on either side of a major coastal waterway on Alaska Sound. Many glaciers flow into the bay, providing both a living laboratory of glacial geology and dramatic, exciting scenery for the visitor. Most people see Glacier Bay from the deck of a cruise ship or ferry. Some offer excursions to the glaciers for the adventuresome. The Inside Passage is the water route taken by most cruise ships which visit Alaska. It is the area between the continental shore of Alaska and the offshore islands, so the water here is not as rough and unpredictable as it would be beyond these islands. In addition, this route allows easy access to coastal communities such as Ketchikan, with its Native Indian culture and many totem poles, Juneau, capital of Alaska and home of the Mendenhall Glacier, one of the state’s most accessible glaciers, and Skagway, the town associated with the Klondike gold rush of 1897.

 

       15. Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee

             Great Smoky Mountains National Park, which straddles the Tennessee-North Carolina border, offers accessible wilderness and wildlife viewing to travelers in the populous eastern part of the US. Because of this fact, it is one of the most visited national parks in the country. Park roads allow access to most of the major sights, but, to truly experience the wilderness, the visitor should sample the many trails. On the roads, similar to the situation encountered in Yellowstone, expect traffic delays when wildlife is spotted, especially bears.

             The major areas of the park include Newfound Gap Road, which bisects the park from north to south. This route connects the Oconaluftee Visitor Center with the Sugarlands Visitor Center and travels through Newfound Gap, a major pass through the mountains. The road also allows access to Clingman’s Dome, the highest peak in the Smoky Mountains and the third highest east of the Mississippi. Cades Cove, a beautiful valley in the western part of the park, contains numerous historical buildings and is a fantastic wildlife-viewing area. The road through Cades Cove is a one-way 18 km (11-mile) loop, so traffic jams are common and can be a bit frustrating.

             Within Smoky Mountains National Park, take the Roaring Brook Motor Nature Trail for an interesting, educational tour. It’s a 10 km (6-mile) one-way trip.

             The Laurel Falls Trail is a 4 km (2.5 mile) hike along a paved path to one of the Smoky Mountains many waterfalls and well worth the exertion.

 

       16. Haleakala National Park, Maui, Hawaii

               Haleakala National Park gives the visitor a look at the otherworldly landscape of a volcanic crater and even allows a descent into the valley created by erosion at the top of the mountain. An interesting activity involves watching the sunrise from the top of the mountain (be advised that this requires a very early start since the drive up the mountain is over thirty miles and is steep and winding in parts). Another common park activity involves renting bicycles, being trucked up the mountain and riding down (not for the faint of heart, but there are numerous stops along the way for rest and recuperation).

              Must sees while in the park include the Silversword plant, which grows only on the summit of Haleakala and lives for fifty years before flowering and dying. Look closely at the plants on display at the Summit Visitor Center. Also be sure to take a walk on one of the trails at the summit for great views of cinder cones and for panoramic views of Maui. The adventuresome should definitely bicycle down the mountain. Tour groups are abundant.

           

       17. Rocky Mountains National Park, Colorado

              Rocky Mountain National Park includes a portion of the front range of the Rocky Mountains. Mountain scenery is spectacular as Trail Ridge Road leaves Estes, Colorado, and rises to the Continental Divide (an imaginary line which pertains to the movement of rivers -- rivers to the east of the divide travel to the Atlantic or Gulf of Mexico, rivers to the west travel to the Pacific) and beyond. Notable locations on the highway include Berthoud Pass and Grand Lake. Wildlife sightings are usually frequent.

              

        18. Sequoia & King's Canyon National Parks, California

               Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks are adjoining parks which feature the world’s largest tree, the giant Sequoia. Sequoias in the park reach to over 300 meters (200 feet) tall, with trunk diameters over 10 m (30 feet). The “Giant Forest” is the largest grove of sequoias in the parks and houses the General Sherman Tree, the largest known sequoia, over 2,000 years old, which is almost 100 meters (275 feet) tall, with a circumference of 35 m (103 feet). Stop first at the Visitor Center for a map and information. There are numerous hiking trails and scenic roads throughout the parks.

              The most popular drive in the area is the General’s Highway, a scenic route which winds through the parks and provides access to the major attractions.

 

         19. Everglades National Park, Florida

               Everglades National Park, in southern Florida, preserves a vast wetland complete with an incredible variety of wildlife, including alligators, crocodiles, manatees, Florida panthers, and a tremendous number of birds. A boat cruise is the only way to see much of the park, because water predominates. There are also many walking trails. Don’t visit in the summer since the mosquitoes are ubiquitous and extremely aggressive.

 

         20. Saguaro National Park, Arizona

              Saguaro National Park is composed of two separate districts. One (Rincon Mountain) is just east of Tucson while the other (Tucson Mountain) is just west of the city. These two locations preserve stands of the Saguaro cactus which grows only in this general area. The eastern district is larger and offers a 13 km (8-mile) scenic loop drive. Both areas have numerous walking trails which identify the various cactus species encountered. Watch out for rattlesnakes along the trails! 

 

      Much of the Western concept of gardens and gardening came from Europe. Europeans are, justifiably, proud of their gardening excellence and much money is invested in this pursuit. Thus, the gardens of Europe are among the most famous in the world. The following is a list of some of the greatest gardens we have seen in our trips to Europe. We have left out gardens which are primarily associated with a palace or castle, since they are covered elsewhere in this blog's archives, even though some of these gardens would be high on any traveler's list.

 

       1. Stourhead Gardens, Wiltshire, England

                Not far from Stonehenge are the Stourhead Gardens, considered the nicest gardens in all of England, and among the best in the world. These are landscape gardens famous for their blending of nature with some man-made classical structures. A two-mile walk around the lake is very spiritual and tranquil, with many opportunities along the way for quiet contemplation and great views. A small village at the end of the walk provides evidence of the area’s Medieval past, and a cute pub offers respite and sustenance.

 

       2. Keukenhof Gardens, Lisse, Netherlands

                  A fantastic excursion from the city of Amsterdam is southwest to Keukenhof Gardens, in the town of Lisse. It is like a theme park centered on flowers. Especially in the spring, the area is alive with the bright colors of tulips, daffodils, hyacinths, and many other bulbs for which the country is famous. Stroll the extensive pathways and admire the meticulous landscaping. Stop at the various pavilions for an immersion in other types of flowers, such as, orchids and bromeliads which are not hardy in the Middle Latitudes. Interspersed with all this color and greenery are interesting sculptures, wonderful playgrounds for kids, ponds and streams, and even a windmill. It makes a wonderful day trip from Amsterdam, and can even be visited by bicycle since Holland has extensive bike paths throughout the country. It ranks as one of the most beautiful gardens in the world.

 

        3. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, near Richmond, England

                  The Kew Gardens are not only beautiful, with an incredible variety of plants from around the world, housed in its greenhouses, lakes, ponds and all over the grounds, but it is also a respected research facility which is responsible for numerous botanic discoveries. The architecture on the property is also significant and all blends nicely into the rural setting.

 

         4. Retiro Park, Madrid, Spain

                  Retiro Park is a splendid place for strolling and escaping the hectic city scene. Is is definitely Madrid's most popular park. There are miles of walkways, pools, fountains, and interesting buildings, particularly the Crystal Palace.

 

         5. Hyde Park, London, England

                 London’s parks, such as Hyde Park and Green Park, are noteworthy since they offer a peaceful respite in a crowded, hectic location.  Hyde Park is the largest park in the city, and along with the Kensington Gardens, within its boundaries, offers the biggest area of greenery in the entire city. There are lakes, walkways, and even the famous Speaker's Corner where anyone can launch into a tirade or read a poem, etc. It is also the location of the Diana Memorial, a fountain dedicated in 2004 to the beloved Princess of Wales who was killed in a tragic automobile crash in Paris. The Kensington Gardens contains the famous statue of Peter Pan, made famous in the book by author J.M. Barrie.

 

          6. Luxembourg Gardens, Paris, France

                Parisians and tourists alike love to stroll through and/or relax in the Luxembourg Gardens, a treasure of tranquility in this very crowded city.  There are flower gardens, pools, and tranquil settings to enjoy before heading back to work or sightseeing.

 

          7. Mirabell Gardens, Salzburg, Austria

                 Any walking tour of the city of Salzburg should also include a stop at the Mirabell Gardens, on the other side of the river from the Old Town. The gardens are beautiful with fountains and statues, plus they appeared in the Sound of Music, so are part of any tour of movie sights. The gardens also provide a beautiful view looking back toward the fortress.

 

          8. Claude Monet's Garden at Giverny, France

                 One of the most famous gardens in the world is known because of paintings of its unique landscape by the foremost Impressionist painter, Claude Monet. Monet lived and worked here for many years, translating his tranquil setting to the canvas on numerous occasions.

 

          9. Maria Luisa Park, Seville, Spain

                 Maria Luisa Park, just south of the city, adjacent to the river, offers a pleasant area of escape from the hustle and bustle of the city. Note the beautiful, symmetrical Plaza de Espana and the Plaza de America, both of which contain buildings which blend Moorish and Andalusian architecture.

 

         10. Englischer Garten, Munich, Germany

                 Its name recalls the fact that it was the idea of an Englishman, Sir Benjamin Thompson, but this garden is definitely German, and a favorite with locals and tourists alike. There are miles and miles of pathways, flower gardens, and sculptures. Some people even stroll here nude.  

 

         11. Hidcote Manor Gardens, Chipping Campden, England

                 This little gem in the Cotswolds combines flowers with classic English garden landscaping to achieve a special effect. The grounds are extremely pleasant to stroll, and the architecture of the buildings is also interesting.

 

         12. Boboli Gardens, Florence, Italy

                 The Boboli Gardens are part of the estate of Pitti Palace, but I have decided to include it here because the palace was not significant enough to make it into my "Great Palaces" entry. The gardens here are all about shrubs and trees, not flowers. There are numerous pathways, many of them shaded, and several elaborate fountains with interesting sculptures.

      America is a young country by world standards and it does not have the history or long-established culture of its own, but because it was primarily Europeans that settled this nation, there are a number of traditions which suggest these European beginnings.

      Any visitor to Europe learns to appreciate and anticipate its great squares, large gathering places which offer much of what Europe is all about -- history, architecture, a relaxed lifestyle, etc. America doesn't have great squares like Europe, places like the Piazza San Marco, Grand Place, Marienplatz, etc, but there are a few which deserve mention. As with Europe, these squares attract the tourist and resident alike because they offer a variety of activities, food and drink, and just a place to socialize. So here are the great squares of America.

 

      1. Times Square, New York, NY

              Times Square, at the junction of Broadway and Seventh Avenue, represents the heart of New York City. Its glitz and glamour make it a Mecca for visitors. Besides being surrounded by many of the city’s most famous attractions, it also abuts the Theater District. On December 31st, it becomes the location of the most famous New Year celebration in the world.   

 

      2. Ghirardelli Square, San Francisco, CA

              Ghirardelli Square sits just above the waterfront in downtown San Francisco. As such, it is at the cultural center of town, since the city's legacy is intimately associated with its bay and the ocean beyond. This square offers shopping, restaurants, and great views of Alcatraz Island and the entire bay. It is also right next to the origin of the most famous of the city's Cable Cars. Come at night for spectacular lighting, crowds, and excitement.

 

       3. Jackson Square, New Orleans, LA

               Jackson Square, a beautiful park in front of the distinctive St Louis Cathedral is an ideal place for relaxing or taking pictures. An equestrian statue General Andrew Jackson is the square's focal point. The area is beautifully landscaped and is often the scene of spontaneous.  The nearby, colonnaded French Market has several shops and restaurants, some with live music.

 

       4. Temple Square, Salt Lake City, UT

                Temple Square in Salt Lake City is a huge area which is owned and managed by the Mormon Church (the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints) and includes many buildings sacred to members of this religion. The Church provides guides who will escort visitors throughout the complex. The Tabernacle (where the world-famous Mormon Tabernacle Choir performs) is one of the noteworthy stops on the tour. The tour guide usually demonstrates the excellent acoustics of the auditorium by having someone whisper or drop a pin at the front while the group listens at the back. The Seagull Monument also tells an interesting tale, and the Temple itself, although closed to the public has an impressive exterior. Be prepared to endure the obligatory recruitment talk, but the attraction is worthwhile, nevertheless.

 

       5. Mallory Square, Key West, FL

               Duval Street is the main street in the tourist area. On the corner, near the waterfront is Sloppy Joe’s Bar, a “must” on every tourist itinerary, for drinks and people-watching. Another mandatory experience for all visitors is watching the sunset from Mallory Square, just across the street from Sloppy Joe's. There are numerous shops in the vicinity of the square for browsing, so it is busy at all times of the day or night.

 

       6. Old Town Plaza, Santa Fe, NM

               The city’s pride in southwestern culture is evident in its architecture. The Old Town is remarkably well preserved and is ideal for walking. Many artists have been attracted to the area so there is an abundance of art galleries and craft shops. The Palace of the Governors, on one side of the main square, is now a museum, and native Americans display their wares on blankets along the front of the building.

 

       7. Forsythe Park, Savannah, GA

               The downtown area of the city is laid out in an unusual way -- homes and neighborhoods were centered around a series of 24 squares which are now landscaped and preserved as city parks. Twenty-two of the original squares designed by General James Oglethorpe, the founder of Georgia, still remain and they provide a charming walking tour of the downtown area. Forsythe Park is simply one excellent representative of the 22.

 

       8. Rockefeller Plaza, Rockefeller Center, New York, NY

               Rockefeller Center, located in midtown Manhattan, is the home of NBC (the National Broadcasting Company) and is noted for its ice-skating rink and the exhibitions which frequently take place nearby. More recently, it has become extremely popular in the mornings during the Today Show, since the hosts spend part of their morning broadcast outside. Free concerts also occur during some of the broadcasts. In addition, tours of NBC Studios are offered throughout the day. It is also a gathering place, great for people-watching.

 

        9. Pioneer Square, Seattle, WA

               The Pioneer Square Historic District is an area of restored homes and businesses, rebuilt following Seattle’s great fire of 1889. There are numerous shops and restaurants. The square itself is recognized by a totem pole, which suggests the native indian past of the area.

 

        10. Faneuil Hall Square, Boston, MA

                This large square houses Faneuil Hall, one of the Massachusetts Bay colonist's first meeting places, now a major shopping area with a huge variety of shops, and Quincy Market, a hodge-podge of take-out food stands which offers just about any conceivable type of food and beverage. The area is extremely popular during all times of the day or evening and is great for people-watching.

              

      Lee loves gardens, so everywhere we go, I try to find worthwhile gardens and parks to explore. Thus, over the years, we have been to numerous variations on this theme. We would like to share our favorites within the US and then elsewhere.

 

      1. Longwood Gardens, Kennett Square, PA

           Probably our favorite garden in the USA is Longwood Gardens. On the grounds of the former estate of famous industrialist and millionaire Pierre du Pont, myriad types of flowers and other botanical treasures adorn the landscape, both inside and outside. Numerous fountains enhance the setting and, on summer nights, are featured in musical illuminations. Even during the winter, the conservatory is abloom with an incredible variety of plants from around the world.

 

       2. Central Park, New York, NY

             Imagine a tropical-like oasis in the midst of a concrete jungle and you have a picture of Central Park. Renowned the world over, it is an example of a urban refuge, a place of solitude and peace surrounded by noise and hustle-bustle. Frederick Law Olmstead's masterpiece has been carefully preserved and its popularity is evidenced by the thousands who spend time here, during all seasons of the year.

            There's plenty to do in the park at all times of the year, with skating in the winter, the zoo anytime, ponds and walking trails, etc.

 

       3. The Mall, Washington, D.C.

             It's not technically a park, but its essence is park-like. It is probably the most important park for Americans to visit because it features monuments to many of the greatest Americans and memorials to its bravest citizens. It also is home to one of the world's greatest museums, so vast that its collections fill numerous buildings.

            Within the Mall are the many buildings of the Smithsonian, the Washington Monument (which dominates the skyline), and most of the war memorials. The Mall also allows easy access to the White House, the Jefferson Memorial, the tidal basin, and west to the Arlington Memorial Cemetery.

            The Smithsonian Museum, the world’s largest museum, occupies numerous buildings on or near the National Mall in Washington, DC. There is also an annex to the Air and Space Museum at Dulles Airport, about 30 miles west of the city and two galleries in New York City. The Smithsonian also includes the National Zoo, located on the outskirts of the city.

            Major sections (housed in separate buildings, primarily on the Mall) include the Arthur M Sackler Gallery, the Freer Gallery of Art, the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, the National Air and Space Museum, the National Gallery of Art, the National Museum of African Art, the National Museum of American History, the National Museum of the American Indian, the National Museum of Natural History, the National Portrait Gallery, the National Postal Museum, the National Zoological Park, the Renwick Gallery, and the Steven F Udvar-Hazy Center. Must sees include the following:

                   The National Air and Space Museum displays the history of flight through a variety of exhibits and experiences.

                   The National Museum of Natural History houses an immense collection of animals from around the world.

                   The National Museum of American History has a huge collection of artifacts and memorabilia representing American culture, past and present

             The Washington Monument is a tall (over 550 feet/180 meters), obelisk which occupies the center of the Mall. Visitors can ride an elevator to an observation area which provides spectacular views of the city and the other major memorials. Be prepared to wait in line.

            The Lincoln Memorial, at the western end of the Mall, is a moving tribute to one of America’s most beloved presidents. The huge statue of a seated Lincoln commands respect and admiration. On the walls flanking the statue are etched the words of two of Lincoln’s greatest speeches.

           The Jefferson Memorial is located on the tidal basin, a large lake connected to the Potomac River. The building which houses the president’s statue looks like it would be at home in ancient Greece or Rome, and has stairs which lead to the water.

          The most popular of the war memorials is the famous Vietnam Veterans Memorial “wall” which occupies a spot between the Lincoln and Washington memorials, near the reflecting pool. It is inscribed with the names of all soldiers killed or missing, in chronological order.

         

       4. Balboa Park, San Diego, California

              Balboa Park, which houses the zoo and many museums, as well as offering a peaceful respite from the bustling downtown nearby, is a gem of a city park. The architecture of its buildings is positively stunning and it is a major gathering place for locals and tourists alike. Note especially the California Tower and the Museum of Man with their striking Spanish architecture, as well as the Botanical Gardens, which are superb.

 

       5. Washington Park, Portland, OR

             In the western part of the city is Washington Park, which has several notable attractions. Here, the visitor will find the International Rose Test Gardens, which display row after row of beautiful roses, in various colors and varieties. Also in the vicinity, higher up on the hill, are the Japanese Gardens, an oasis of solitude and contemplation.

 

       6. Calloway Gardens, Pine Mountain, GA

              Calloway Gardens, located in Pine Mountain, Georgia, is a place renowned especially for its incredible display of azaleas in the early spring. There are actually much more than azaleas to see here in this horticultural wonderland. Scenic drives through the wooded countryside, greenhouses and outdoor flower gardens with extensive collections of plants from around the world, a lake with boat rentals, concerts and fairs, are some of the other activities available.

 

       7. Cypress Gardens, Winterhaven, FL

               A short day trip to from Orlando, FL is the quasi-theme park Cypress Gardens, in Winterhaven, Florida, which offers a variety of activities for people of all ages. There are water-skiing shows in the lagoon, museums, demonstrations, indoor shows, and a world-famous botanical garden with plants from all over the world as well as beautiful topiaries.

 

       8. Millenium Park, Chicago, IL

              Chicago is a city which contains many green areas. Particularly popular are Lincoln Park (see below)which also houses the city zoo, and Millennium Park, right on the lakefront. Millenium Park has fountains, gardens, a skating rink in the winter, as well as the architecturally acclaimed Pritzker Pavilion, which hosts outdoor concerts.

 

       9. Magnolia Plantation & Gardens, Charleston, SC

              Magnolia Plantation is located just outside of Charleston. It offers a look at a genuine southern plantation with its glorious mansion and its extensive gardens. The Greek-revival plantation house is set amidst sprawling woods and wetlands. The Spanish Moss-draped trees add a special ambience to the grounds. Walk the garden trail to enjoy the wetlands with their human touches of wooden bridges, painted white, and benches for rest and contemplation.

 

      10. US Botanical Gardens, Washington, D.C.

              These gardens and greenhouses are almost directly in front of the US Capitol Building, but are often overlooked by tourists who have so much to see and do in Washington. However, the occasional visitor is richly rewarded with displays of flowers and other types of plants from around the world.

 

      11. Rock Creek Park, Washington, D.C.

              Another less-visited park in Washington is Rock Creek Park, which occupies a large area north of the mall. This park is extremely popular with locals who enjoy the varied activities available here. There are tennis courts, a golf course, picnic tables, a planetarium, etc. I particularly like the Kahlil Gibran Memorial Garden which pays tribute to the great poet with a haven for reflection and contemplation.

 

      12. Lincoln Park, Chicago, IL

              Chicago's other great city park contains the Lincoln Park Conservatory, with its excellent displays of flowers and other plants, and the Lincoln Park Zoo, which has a huge collection of interesting animals from around the world. There are also facilities for various sports, beaches and playgrounds.

 

       13. Centennial Park, Atlanta, GA

              Centennial Park, the site of the 1996 Summer Olympics, commemorates that event with fountains and walkways. Great views of the city abound since it's framed by skyscrapers. The Fountain of the Rings is probably its most significant structure.

 

       14. Boston Common, Boston, MA

              This park makes the list because it is the oldest city park in the country, having been set aside in 1634. It hosts concerts and is used for many varied recreational activities.

 

        15. Congress Park, Saratoga Springs, NY

               Congress Park preserves many of the natural springs which made the city famous and gave it its name. Besides that, it is a lovely place to stroll amongst the attractive landscaping. There is also a very popular carousel for children.

 

        16. Roger Williams Park, Providence, RI

               A huge area in the southern part of the city of Providence not only houses the excellent zoo but also offers boat rides, pony rides, a children's carousel, miles of trails, numerous lakes, and the city's recently renovated botanical gardens.

             

     California is the other US Mecca for amusement parks (Florida being the other). Our California jaunt begins in San Diego, where the third of the USA's Sea World venues is located. Exit at Interstate 8 off Interstate 5 near downtown. Like the other Sea Worlds, this park has a Journey to Atlantis water coaster.

     Travel 22 miles north on I-5 to Carlsbad, CA, the home of Legoland. It has numerous rides, especially for youngsters. The most thrilling of the rides is the Lego Technic Test Track Roller Coaster.

     Further north (about 50 more miles) on I-5 is the city of Anaheim, CA, long time home of Disneyland, perhaps the nation's first true theme park. Its newer section, Disney's California Adventure Park is the choice for thrill rides, with California Screamin' being the signature ride.

     Continuing northward another 15 or so miles, visitors will come to Buena Park, CA, which boasts Knott's Berry Farm. There are numerous roller coasters here, among them, Sierra Sidewinder, Montezooma's Revenge, Ghostrider, and Boomerang.

     Northward another 35-40 miles into the northern suburbs of Los Angeles, CA, brings the thrill-seeker to Universal Studios Hollywood, a movie-themed park with several notable roller coasters, including Revenge of the Mummy the Ride, Back to the Future the ride, and Jurassic Park the Ride.

     After visiting, continue north  for an additional 25 or so miles on I-5 to Valencia, CA, and Six Flags Magic Mountain. The numerous roller coasters include Scream, X, Goliath, Superman the Escape, and Batman the Ride.

     Next comes the last and longest ride of the trip, about 450 miles (consider a one-night stop along the way). Continue north on I-5 to Interstate 580 West, and then onto Interstate 80 East to Vallejo, CA, which is the home of Six Flags Discovery Kingdom. Here there are several notable roller coasters, including Boomerang Coast to Coaster, Kong, and Medusa.

     This entire trip covers a distance of approximately 700 miles, but much of that is the final leg. Those interested in reducing costs and saving gas can limit the trip to Southern California and travel a mere 150 miles while visiting five (5) parks. Enjoy!

     This trip begins in St Louis, MO, home of Six Flags St Louis, which has a number of coasters, including Batman the Ride, Xcalibur, Mr Freeze, and Screamin' Eagle. Note here that many of the Six Flags coasters have the same or similar names since the themes at many parks are similar.

     Next, travel north from St Louis, along Interstate 55 to a suburb of Chicago, Gurnee, IL, a distance of a little over 300 miles, to check out Six Flags Great America, with more than 10 thrilling coasters. Included in this group are Batman the Ride, Vertical Velocity, Raging Bull, Deja Vu, and Iron Wolf.

     From here, take Interstate 94 East, around the base of Lake Michigan, through a corner of Indiana and into Michigan. From I-94, take I-195 north and then Rte 31 North to Muskegan, MI, a distance of appoximately 200 miles. The park here is called Michigan's Adventure, and is owned and operated by the same group who runs Cedar Point. Some of the many roller coasters include Mine Shaft, Funnel of Fear, Wolverine Wildcat, Shivering Timbers, and Corkscrew.

    From Muskegan, take the ferry across Lake Michigan to Milwaukee, WI, then travel West on Interstate 94 through Madison and on to the Wisconsin Dells, a driving distance of only about 150 miles. Here visitors will find the Mount Olympus Theme Park which has six roller coasters to check out, among them, Cyclops, Pegasus, Zeus, and Hades.

    Continue West on I-94 to Minneapolis, MN, then South on Interstate 35, to Shakopee, MN, a distance of about 230 miles. The park here is called Valley Fair. Its many coasters include Renegade, Wild Thing, Riptide, Steel Venom, and Corkscrew.

     The total driving distance for this regional road trip is approximately 680 miles. Allow a full week or more for this trip because the city of Chicago itself deserves several days.

    

      This section of the series is concentrated in Texas with one addition in Oklahoma since the distances in Texas are so great to begin with.

 

      The adventure begins in San Antonio, one of Texas' premier cities, which is host to Six Flags Fiesta Texas. This park has a number of notable coasters, among them: Superman:Krypton Coaster, Scream, and Poltergeist.  

      Also in San Antonio is Sea World San Antonio, basically a carbon copy of the other two Sea Worlds. Recently, these venues have added thrill rides to attract a wider audience and this one is no exception.  It has its own Journey to Atlantis, as well as other roller coasters, such as, Steel Eel and Great White.

      From San Antonio, travel north on Interstate 35 to Arlington, TX, just south of Fort Worth, to visit one of the country's very first themed amusement parks, Six Flags Over Texas, which boasts over a dozen roller coasters. Some of the most well-known are Batman the Ride, Superman Tower of Power, Mr Freeze, and Titan. The driving distance for this leg of the trip is about 270 miles.

      The last stop on this road trip is in Oklahoma City, OK, about 220 miles north of Arlington. Travel north on Interstate 35 through the city to the 122nd St exit to find Frontier City, a western-theme amusement park with a number of roller coasters, including Diamondback, Nightmare, Silver Bullet and Wildcat.

      The total distance for this regional road trip is approximately 500 miles, certainly doable in four or five days.

 

     Because Florida has become one of the world's Meccas for amusement and theme parks, it certainly deserves its own entry in this series. In this edition, travel time and distance are fairly insignificant since the parks are clustered around Orlando, Florida. In fact, the only park truly out of the Orlando area is less than 90 miles away in Tampa.

     But we will begin in Orlando, a major destination for families from all over the world because of its concentration of family activities of all types.

     The king of these venues is still Disney World, in the suburb of Orlando known as Lake Buena Vista. Disney World is made up of several separate but connected theme parks, all of which have their own thrill rides and rollercoasters. The Magic Kingdom has its Space Mountain and Thunder Mountain Railroad, Epcot has Test Track, Animal Kingdom has Primeval Whirl, Disney-MGM has Rock 'n' Roller Coaster, just to mention a few.

     Also in Orlando is Universal's Islands of Adventure, which boasts a number of coasters, including the Incredible Hulk Coaster and Dueling Dragons. A separate venue, called Universal Studios has Revenge of the Mummy the Ride, and Back to the Future the Ride, for example.

     Even Sea World Orlando has gotten into the thrill ride game, with Kraken and Journey to Atlantis.

     For a diversion and a break from Orlando, travel West on Interstate 4 to Tampa, a distance of about 85 miles, to visit Busch Gardens Tampa Bay which boasts a number of notable coasters, including SheiKra, Gwazi, Montu, Kumba, and Cheetah Chase.

     This compact little trip certainly deserves at least a week.

       This edition of the regional rollercoaster excursions begins in Richmond, VA. Travel north, about 20 miles on Interstate 95 to Paramount's Kings Dominion, in Doswell, VA, a well-established amusement park with a dozen rollercoasters (Shockwave, Hypersonic XLC, Flight of Fear, etc).

        When finished, head back to Richmond, then East on Interstate 64 to Williamsburg. Here, besides all the attractions in the vicinity, coaster-lovers will find Busch Gardens Williamsburg, which boasts numerous thrill rides (Apollo's Chariot, Alpengeist, Big Bad Wolf, Loch Ness Monster, etc). This park is only about a 45 mile ride from Richmond.

        Next, travel South from Richmond on Interstate 85 to Charlotte, NC, then take Interstate 71 South for about 10 miles to Paramount's Carowinds. Among the thrilling rollercoasters here are Top Gun and The Jet Coaster. This venue is about 300 miles from Richmond.

       From Charlotte, take Interstate 40 West into Tennessee, then head South on US Rte 441 toward Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Upon reaching Pigeon Forge, head for Dollywood, Dolly Parton's amusement/theme park in the Smokies. Rollercoasters here include Thunderhead and Tennessee Tornado. This park is about 230 miles from Charlotte, NC.

       The last leg of this adventure involves traveling South on Rte 441 through Great Smoky Mountains National Park, then continuing on this route into Georgia. Rte 23 merges with Rte 441, then follow Rte 23 South, then onto I-985 and Interstate 85 into Atlanta, then Interstate 20 West for about 12 miles to Austell, GA, the home of Six Flags Over Georgia. The ten (10) coasters here include Superman Ultimate Flight, Batman the Ride, and The Georgia Scorcher. This park is approximately 210 miles from Pigeon Forge, TN.

       The entire road trip covers a distance of approximately 870 miles and can be easily done in a week.

      This second of the series begins in the vicinity of Washington, DC, actually in the suburb of Largo, MD, where roller coaster aficionados will find Six Flags America with its eight (8) roller coasters (Batwing, Joker's Jinx, Wild One, etc). Largo is just east of the Beltway (Exit 15A).

      From here, take Interstate 95 (the Beltway) North to Interstate 695 (the ring road around Baltimore), to Interstate 83 North toward Harrisburg, PA, then take Interstate 76 (Pennsylvania Turnpike) East to Hershey, PA, to visit Hersheypark with its ten (10) roller coasters (Storm Runner, Great Bear, Wildcat, etc), a distance of approximately 85 miles.

      From Hershey, take I-76 (Pennsylvania Turnpike) West, then Interstate 99 North to Altoona, PA, about 145 miles, to see Lakemont Park, which has been voted, by some, one of the top amusement parks in the country.

      After Altoona, retrace route back down I-99 to I-76 West into Ohio, then take Interstate 80 West past Cleveland, then cut over to Rte 2 West to Sandusky, Ohio, to visit world-famous Cedar Point (it opened in 1870). This leg of the trip is approximately 310 miles long. Cedar Point has sixteen (16) roller coasters (Millenium Force, Top Thrill Dragster, Raptor, Magnum XL 200, etc).

      Next, return to Rte 2 West to Rte 6 West to I-80 West to Toledo, then South on Interstate 75 to Kings Mills, OH, a suburb of Cincinnati, to check out Paramount's Kings Island (the park is actually at Exits 24 & 25 off Interstate 71 which connects Cincinnati with Columbus, OH). Here visitors will find twelve roller coasters (Son of Beast, The Beast, Tomb Rider, etc). This last leg covers a distance of approximately 255 miles.

      Finally, travel Southwest from Cincinnati along Interstate 71 to Louisville, KY, a distance of about 100 miles. Here you will find Six Flags Kentucky Kingdom, another of this company's mega-amusement parks, with its share of roller coasters. Some examples are Breakdance, T2, Chang, and Thunder Run.

      The total regional road trip involves about 900 miles of driving. Have fun!

 

      This series will take rollercoaster aficionados on regional road trips to the best rollercoasters of the USA.

 

      The Northeastern road trip begins around Boston, MA. Take Interstate 93 North to Salem, NH (about 35 miles) to visit Canobie Lake, a waterpark and amusement park which features several coasters.

      From Salem, get back onto I-93 North to Concord, NH, then north on Interstate 89 into Vermont. Just over the state line, take Rte 4 West toward Rutland, VT and beyond, into New York state. Continue on Rte 4 to Rte 149 west, then north on Interstate 87 to Lake George, NY, where you can visit Great Escape and Splashwater Kingdom (The Comet and Canyon Blaster), another large amusement park. (Distance = About 190 miles)

     From Lake George, travel South on I-87 to Interstate 90 East toward Massachusetts. Continue eastward on I-90 to Interstate 91 South, to Agawam, MA, the home of Six Flags New England(Superman Ride of Steel, Mind Eraser, Flashback, etc). (Distance = 145 miles) 

     After your visit, take I-91 South to Interstate 95 South toward New York City, then South on Interstate 278 into Brooklyn, then left onto the Belt Parkway to Coney Island, one of America's first amusement parks. The rollercoaster here is a nostalgic look back to an earlier time. (Distance = 150 miles)

     Next, proceed West on I-278 across Staten Island and into New Jersey, then take Interstate 95 (the New Jersey Turnpike) South, then pick up the Garden State Parkway South to Interstate 195 West to exit 16 A, Jackson, NJ, to visit Six Flags, Great Adventure (El Toro & Nitro). (Distance = approximately 60 miles).

    Total mileage for this regional road trip is approximately 580 miles.

      Great news in travel - the voting has been completed to establish the "new" Seven Wonders of the World. A Swiss multi-millionaire initiated the process several years ago, first obtaining nominations from around the globe, via internet or telephone, then narrowing the choices to the top 20 with an initial vote, and finally tallying about 100 million votes to decide on the final 7.

 

     And the winners are (in alphabetical order):

 

            CHICHEN ITZA (EL CASTILLO), MEXICO

 

            COLOSSEUM, ROME, ITALY

 

            CRISTO REDENTOR (CHRIST THE REDEEMER) STATUE, RIO DE JANIERO, BRAZIL

 

            GREAT WALL OF CHINA

 

            MACCHU PICCHU, PERU

 

            PETRA, JORDAN

 

            TAJ MAHAL, AGRA, INDIA

 

       Note that the GREAT PYRAMIDS AT GIZA, EGYPT, which were one of the original seven wonders, have been grandfathered in and remain one of the wonders of the world, so that there are really eight.

 

       The remainder of the top 20 are considered finalists and are duly noted below:

 

            ACROPOLIS, ATHENS, GREECE

 

            ALHAMBRA, GRANADA, SPAIN

 

            ANGKOR, SIEM REAP, CAMBODIA

 

            EASTER ISLAND MOAI STATUES

 

            EIFFEL TOWER, PARIS, FRANCE

 

            HAGIA SOPHIA, ISTANBUL, TURKEY

 

            KIYOMIZU TEMPLE, KYOTO, JAPAN

 

            NEUSCHWANSTEIN CASTLE, BAVARIA, GERMANY

 

            STATUE OF LIBERTY, NEW YORK, NEW YORK, USA

 

            STONEHENGE, SALISBURY PLAIN, ENGLAND

 

            OPERA HOUSE, SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA

 

            TIMBUKTU, MALI

 

      Get more information about the worldwide effort using the link on my website (below) or go to

 

                  http://www.new7wonders.com

 

       The next step will be to establish the Seven Natural Wonders of the World. This process has just begun -- those interested can nominate their favorite natural wonders on the website. Later, these will also be narrowed down to 20 before the final vote takes place. Get involved if you want to be heard.

 

        See my Photo Album, entitled "New Seven Wonders of the Modern World" plus finalists.

     This trip will recall some of the major battles and events of the Civil War, America's most shameful war, a conflict which pitted friend against friend, brother against brother, neighbor against neighbor. The casualties were some of the greatest in American history since the deaths on both sides were American.

     The road trip will, unfortunately, not be able to see these sights in chronological order, since that would require considerable back-tracking, but will follow an order which is based on convenience.

 

       Stop 1 - Richmond, VA

               The road trip begins in Richmond, Virginia, the capital of the Confederacy. Richmond boasts a number of attractions paying tribute to this period in American History, during which the country literally divided into two separate nations. Visit the Museum of the Confederacy, the White House of the Confederacy, and stroll along Monument Avenue to view statues of famous Virginians, many of whom were instrumental in this conflict. Because of all the memorabilia, this is a perfect starting location.  

 

           Take Rte 60 West from Richmond, then Rte 24 South to Appomatox, approximately 95 miles.  

 

       Stop 2 - Apppomatox Court House National Historical Park

                The second stop on the road trip is actually last in the chronology of the war. Appomatox Court House was the scene of General Robert E Lee's surrender to General Ulysses S Grant on April 9, 1865. The surrender followed a battle in which Gen Lee attempted to get to his supplies at Lynchburg, VA, but was surrounded by Union troops.

 

            Retrace route back to Richmond, take Interstate 95 north to Fredericksburg, a total distance of approximately 150 miles.

 

       Stop 3 - Fredericksburg, VA

                 Here on December 12, 1962, General Lee achieved his "easiest" victory over Union forces, perhaps due to their delayed crossing of the Rappahannock River. Visit the Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania County Battlefields Memorial to relive the events of the battle, locate the gun implacements, etc.

 

            Continue north on I-95 to Exit 130A. Take Rte 3 West for about 7 miles.

 

        Stop 4 - Chancellorsville, VA

                  Another part of Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania National Military Park, at Chancellorsville, was the sight of perhap Robert E Lee's "greatest victory" of the Civil War. The battle began on May 1, 1863 and continued until the May 5th. Lee's victory, however, was overshadowed by the loss of perhaps his greatest general, Gen "Stonewall" Jackson, killed, accidentally, by his own men as he returned at night to his encampment.

 

            Further north on I-95, take exit 152, to Rte 234 North for about 20 miles to Manassas, Virginia. Total distance = approximately 45 miles.  

 

        Stop 5 - Manassas, VA

                  At Manassas, two pivotal battles took place, approximately one year apart. From the Northern perspective, these battles were known as the First and Second Battles of Bull Run, which is the name of stream near the town. The Manassas National Battlefield Park showcases and chronicles the events of both battles. The first conflict took place on July 16, 1861 and was the first major land battle of the war in the state of Virginia. Gen Stonewall Jackson's troops eventually overran the Union forces, but the ferocity of the fighting made everyone realize that the war would be costly and lengthy for both sides.

                  The Second Battle of Bull Run occurred on August 28-30, 1862 and again resulted in a Confederate victory.

 

            Take Rte 15 North to Interstate 70 West, then take Exit 52 onto Rte 340 to Harper's Ferry, a distance of about 70 miles.

 

       Stop 6 - Harper's Ferry, VA 

                 Harper's Ferry National Historical Park was the scene of several important events relating to the Civil War. History buffs will remember that, before the war began, this town was the site of John Brown's raid on the Federal Arsenal there on October 16, 1859. He felt that, if he could capture the weapons and ammunition there, he could free the slaves and end slavery. He failed and was hanged on December 2nd for his efforts.

                On April 18, 1861, just after the vote to secede launched the beginning of the Civil War, Federal soldiers set fire to the Armory and Arsenal, afraid that they would fall into the hands of the Confederacy.

                Later, on September 15, 1862, Gen Stonewall Jackson's troops surrounded and captured the garrison troops. It was the largest surrender of Union forces in the entire war.

 

             Return to I-70, then travel West on the interstate to Exit 29, onto Rte 65 South through Sharpsburg and about 10 miles beyond. Total distance = approximately 50 miles.

 

       Stop 7 - Antietam, Maryland

                Antietam National Battlefield was the scene of the bloodiest one-day battle in American History. Over 23,000 soldiers lost their lives on September 17, 1862 in this conflict which effectively ended the Confederate Army's initial advance into the North.

 

            Take Rte 65 North to I-70 West to Interstate 81 North into Pennsylvania. Continue on I-81 to Rte 30 East to Gettysburg, PA

 

        Stop 8 - Gettysburg, PA

                Gettysburg National Military Park marks the location of one the most important and pivotal battles of the entire Civil War. From July 1 to July 3, 1863, Union and Confederate forces launched charges and countercharges which resulted in incredible casualties, strategic mistakes and heroic efforts on both sides. Following the battle, this hallowed place was the scene of President Abraham Lincoln's famous Gettysburg Address, perhaps his most eloquent speech.

 

        Road Trip Extensions

             For those who have more time and interest in the Civil War, the following are some possible excursions which can be added to the above tour.

 

           Washington, D.C.

                 Just East of Manassas, Virginia, along Interstate 66 is our Nation's Capital. There are plenty of reminders of the Civil War within the city limits, including the Lincoln Memorial, which contains, on one wall, the words of the President's Gettysburg Address. The Ford's Theater National Historic Site was the scene of Lincoln's assassination, which occurred on April 14, 1865, just a few days after Lee's surrender at Appomatox.

 

          Charleston, SC

                About 440 miles south of Richmond, VA, Charleston is the location of Fort Sumter National Monument, where Confederate Artillery opened fire on the Federal garrison to launch the Civil War. The event took place on April 12, 1861, and led to four years of bloody conflict.

 

          Shiloh, MS

                Shiloh National Military Park lies about 100 miles east of Memphis, TN, near the town of Corinth, MS. Here, over a two-day period, April 6-7, 1862, over 23,000 men lost their lives in one of the bloodiest battles of the war. It is remembered as the greatest battle of the Mississippi Valley Campaign.

 

          Vicksburg, MS

                Vicksburg National Military Park marks the location of the siege and subsequent takeover of the well-positioned Confederate fortification of Vicksburg. The Union victory here led to control of Mississippi River and was a death knell to the Confederacy. The Park lies along Interstate 20, West of Jackson, MS, which can be reached by taking Interstate 55 for 210 miles South from Memphis, TN.